РИЗИК ФАКТОРИ ЗА НАРУШЕНА ПЛОДНОСТ КАЈ ВИСОКОМЛЕЧНИТЕ КРАВИ RISK FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY IN THE HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS
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Dec 1, 2011
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The fertility of lactating dairy cows is economically important, but the mean reproductive performance of dairy cows has declined during the past 3 decades. Traits such as first-service conception rate and the lenght of the service period are influenced by numerous explanatory factors common to specific farms or individual cows level A one years retrospective study was carried out to identify risk factors affecting the reproductive performance of black-white lactating cows. The data for reproductive, health and production events were obtained from farm reproductive board. The first breeding of haifers was at average on 479.48±78.521 days of age, and the first calving was at average on 756.99±78.661 days of age. The first service conception rate was 97.30%. The average number of days in lactation to conception was 112.10±56.262. The annual calving rate was 47.42%, the high calving rate was evidented in the winter calving season (57.73%), and the low was evidented in the summer calving season (42.80%). The average lenght of calving interval was 437.35±101.94 days. The average length of the pregnancy was 276.96±27.920 days. The average lenght of the lactation was 320.54±61.698 days. The univariate GLM was used to analyze risk factors responsible for reproductive efficiency. Among the risk factors that were found to affect the lenght of the service period, statistical significance at level p<0,001 showed the lenght of lactation. The cow parity and season of calving did not show statistical significant influence on lenght of the service period.
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1. Andersen-Ranberg, I.M., Klemetsdal, G., Heringstad, B., и сор. (2005). Heritabilities, genetic correlations and genetic change for female fertility and protein yield in Norwegian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 88: pg. 348-355.
2. Beam, S.W. and Butler, W.R. (1999). Effects of energy balance on follicular development and first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 54, pg. 411–424.
3. Butler, W.R. and Smith, R.D. (1989). Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 72, pg. 767–783.
4. Casida, L.E. (1961). Present status of the repeat-breeder cow problem. J. Dairy Sci. 44: pg. 2323–2329.
5. Crowe, M.A. (2007). Fertility in Dairy Cows – The Conference in Perspective, Fertility in Dairy Cows – Bridging the Gaps. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK, pg. 175–179.
6. Darwash, A.O., Lamming, G.E., Woolliams, J.A. (1997). Estimation of genetic variation in the interval from calving to postpartum ovulation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80, pg. 1227– 1234.
7. Dematawewa, C.M.B., Berger, P.J. (1998). Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305 day yield, fertility and survival in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 81, pg. 2700–2709.
8. Dillon, P., Berry, D.P., Evans, R.D., Buckley, F., Horan, B. (2006). Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems of milk production. Livest. Sci. 99, pg. 141–158.
9. Diskin, M.G. and Morris, D.G. (2008). Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 43 (Suppl. 2), pg. 260–267.
10. Dohoo, I.R. (1983). The Effects of Calving to First Service Interval on Reproductive Performance in Normal Cows and Cows with Postpartal Disease. Can Vet J; 24: pg. 343-346.
11. Dransfield, M.B., Nebel, R.L., Pearson, R.E. and Warnick, L.D. (1998). Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. J. Dairy Sci. 81: pg. 1874–1882.
12. Garnsworthy, P.C., Sinclair, K.D., Webb, R. (2008). Integration of physiological mechanisms that influence fertility in dairy cows. Animal 2, pg. 1144–1152.
13. Hady, P.J., Lloyd, J.W., Kaneene, J.B. and Skidmore, A.L. (1994). Partial budget model for reproductive programs of dairy farms businesses. J Dairy Sci. 77: 482-491.
14. Hansen, L.B. (2000). Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist’s view point. J. Dairy Sci. 83: pg. 1145–1150.
15. Harman, J.L., Grohn, Y.T., Erb, H.N., Casella, G. (1996). Event-time analysis of the effect of 60-day milk production on dairy cow interval-to-conception. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, pg. 634–639.
16. Humblot, P. (2001). Use of pregnancy specific proteins and progesterone assays to monitor pregnancy and determine the timing, frequencies and sources of embryonic mortality in ruminants. Theriogenology 56, pg. 1417–1433.
17. Kadarmideen, H.N., Thompson, R., Simm, G. (2000). Linear and threshold model genetic parameter estimates for disease, fertility and production traits in UK dairy cattle. Anim. Sci. 71, pg. 411 – 420.
18. Lamming, G.E. and Darwash, A.O. (1998). The use of milk progesterone profiles to characterise components of subfertility in milked dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 52: pg. 175–190.
19. LeBlanc, S. (2010). Assessing the association of the level of milk production with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Dev. 56 Suppl., pg. 1–7.
20. Loeffler, S.H., de Vries, M.J., Schukken, Y.H., de Zeeuw, A.C., Dijkhuizen, A.A., de Graaf, F.M. and Brand, A. (1999). Use of AI technician scores for body condition, uterine tone and uterine discharge in a model with disease and milk production parameters to predict pregnancy risk at first AI in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 51: pg. 1267–1284.
21. Lucy, M.C., Staples, C.R., Thatcher, W.W., Erickson, P.S., Cleale, R.M., Firkins, J.L., Murphy, M.R., Clark, J.H. and Brodie, B.O. (1992). Influence of diet composition, dry matter intake, milk production, and energy balance on time of postpartum ovulation and fertility in dairy cows. Anim. Prod. 54: pg. 323–331.
22. Macdonald, K.A., Verkerk, G.A., Thorrold, B.S., Pryce, J.E., Penno, J.W., McNaughton, L.R., Burton, L.J., Lancaster, J.A.S., Williamson, J.H., Holmes, C.W. (2008). A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances. J. Dairy Sci. 91, pg. 1693–1707.
23. Mackay, R.D. (1981). The economics of herd health programs. Vet Clin North Am (Large Anim Pract). 3: pg. 347-374.
24. McDougall, S, Burke, C.R., MacMillan, K.L., Williamson, N.B. (1995). Patterns of follicular development during periods 15 of anovulation in pasture-fed dairy cows after calving. Res Vet Sci; 58: pg. 212-216.
25. Meyer, M.J., Capuco, A.V., Ross, D.A., Lintault, L.M., Van Amburgh, M.E. (2006). Development and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal heifer mammary gland: I. Parenchyma and fat pad mass and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 89, pg. 4289–4297.
26. Norman, H.D., Wright, J.R., Hubbard, S.M., Miller, R.H., Hutchison, J.L. (2009). Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 92, pg. 3517–3528.
27. Pryce, J.E., Veerkamp, R.F., Thompson, R., Hill, W.G., Simm, G. (1997). Genetic aspects of common health disorders and measures of fertility in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Anim. Sci. 65, pg. 353– 360.
28. Pryce, J.E. and Veerkamp, R.F. (2001). The incorporation of fertility indices in genetic improvement programs. BSAS Occas. Publ. Fert. High Producing Dairy Cow 26, pg. 237 249.
29. Pursley, J.R., Silcox, R.W. and Wiltbank, M.C. (1998). Effect of time of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, pregnancy loss, and gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: pg. 2139–2144.
30. Roche, J.F., Mackey, D. and Diskin, M.D. (2000). Reproductive management of postpartum cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60–61: pg. 703–712.
31. Royal, M.D., Darwash, A.O., Flint, A.P.F., Webb, R., Woolliams, J.A. and Lamming, G.E. (2000). Declining fertility in dairy cattle: changes in traditional and endocrine parameters of fertility. Anim. Sci. 70: pg. 487–502.
32. Sartori, R., Bastos, M.R., Wiltbank, M.C. (2010). Factors affecting fertilisation and early embryo quality in single- and superovulated dairy cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 22, pg. 151–158.
33. Schmitt, E. J., Diaz, T., Drost, M. and Thatcher, W.W. (1996). Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin for timed insemination in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 74: pg. 1084–1091.
34. Smith, J.W., Ely, L.O., Gilson, W.D. and Groves, W.M. (2004). Effects of artificial
insemination vs natural service breeding on production and reproduction parameters in dairy herds. Prof. Anim. Sci. 20: pg. 185–190.
35. Stevenson, J.S. (1999). Can you have good reproduction and high milk yield? Hoard’s Dairyman 144: pg. 536.
36. Tanaka, T., Arai, M., Ohtani, S., Uemura, S., Kuroiwa, T., Kim, S., Kamomae, H. (2008). Influence of parity on follicular dynamics and resumption of ovarian cycle in postpartum dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 108, pg. 134–143.
37. Waldo, D.R., Tyrrel, H.F., Capuco, A.V., Rexroad Jr, C.E. (1997). Components of growth in Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets to produce two daily gains. J. Dairy Sci. 80, pg. 1674–1684.
38. Walsh, S.W., Williams, E.J., Evans, A.C.O. (2011). A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 123, pg. 127–138.
39. Wiliamson, N.B. (1981). The use of records in reproductive health and management programs for dairy herds. Vet Clin North Am (Large Anim Pract); 3: pg. 271-287.
2. Beam, S.W. and Butler, W.R. (1999). Effects of energy balance on follicular development and first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 54, pg. 411–424.
3. Butler, W.R. and Smith, R.D. (1989). Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 72, pg. 767–783.
4. Casida, L.E. (1961). Present status of the repeat-breeder cow problem. J. Dairy Sci. 44: pg. 2323–2329.
5. Crowe, M.A. (2007). Fertility in Dairy Cows – The Conference in Perspective, Fertility in Dairy Cows – Bridging the Gaps. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK, pg. 175–179.
6. Darwash, A.O., Lamming, G.E., Woolliams, J.A. (1997). Estimation of genetic variation in the interval from calving to postpartum ovulation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80, pg. 1227– 1234.
7. Dematawewa, C.M.B., Berger, P.J. (1998). Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305 day yield, fertility and survival in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 81, pg. 2700–2709.
8. Dillon, P., Berry, D.P., Evans, R.D., Buckley, F., Horan, B. (2006). Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems of milk production. Livest. Sci. 99, pg. 141–158.
9. Diskin, M.G. and Morris, D.G. (2008). Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 43 (Suppl. 2), pg. 260–267.
10. Dohoo, I.R. (1983). The Effects of Calving to First Service Interval on Reproductive Performance in Normal Cows and Cows with Postpartal Disease. Can Vet J; 24: pg. 343-346.
11. Dransfield, M.B., Nebel, R.L., Pearson, R.E. and Warnick, L.D. (1998). Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. J. Dairy Sci. 81: pg. 1874–1882.
12. Garnsworthy, P.C., Sinclair, K.D., Webb, R. (2008). Integration of physiological mechanisms that influence fertility in dairy cows. Animal 2, pg. 1144–1152.
13. Hady, P.J., Lloyd, J.W., Kaneene, J.B. and Skidmore, A.L. (1994). Partial budget model for reproductive programs of dairy farms businesses. J Dairy Sci. 77: 482-491.
14. Hansen, L.B. (2000). Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist’s view point. J. Dairy Sci. 83: pg. 1145–1150.
15. Harman, J.L., Grohn, Y.T., Erb, H.N., Casella, G. (1996). Event-time analysis of the effect of 60-day milk production on dairy cow interval-to-conception. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, pg. 634–639.
16. Humblot, P. (2001). Use of pregnancy specific proteins and progesterone assays to monitor pregnancy and determine the timing, frequencies and sources of embryonic mortality in ruminants. Theriogenology 56, pg. 1417–1433.
17. Kadarmideen, H.N., Thompson, R., Simm, G. (2000). Linear and threshold model genetic parameter estimates for disease, fertility and production traits in UK dairy cattle. Anim. Sci. 71, pg. 411 – 420.
18. Lamming, G.E. and Darwash, A.O. (1998). The use of milk progesterone profiles to characterise components of subfertility in milked dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 52: pg. 175–190.
19. LeBlanc, S. (2010). Assessing the association of the level of milk production with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Dev. 56 Suppl., pg. 1–7.
20. Loeffler, S.H., de Vries, M.J., Schukken, Y.H., de Zeeuw, A.C., Dijkhuizen, A.A., de Graaf, F.M. and Brand, A. (1999). Use of AI technician scores for body condition, uterine tone and uterine discharge in a model with disease and milk production parameters to predict pregnancy risk at first AI in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 51: pg. 1267–1284.
21. Lucy, M.C., Staples, C.R., Thatcher, W.W., Erickson, P.S., Cleale, R.M., Firkins, J.L., Murphy, M.R., Clark, J.H. and Brodie, B.O. (1992). Influence of diet composition, dry matter intake, milk production, and energy balance on time of postpartum ovulation and fertility in dairy cows. Anim. Prod. 54: pg. 323–331.
22. Macdonald, K.A., Verkerk, G.A., Thorrold, B.S., Pryce, J.E., Penno, J.W., McNaughton, L.R., Burton, L.J., Lancaster, J.A.S., Williamson, J.H., Holmes, C.W. (2008). A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances. J. Dairy Sci. 91, pg. 1693–1707.
23. Mackay, R.D. (1981). The economics of herd health programs. Vet Clin North Am (Large Anim Pract). 3: pg. 347-374.
24. McDougall, S, Burke, C.R., MacMillan, K.L., Williamson, N.B. (1995). Patterns of follicular development during periods 15 of anovulation in pasture-fed dairy cows after calving. Res Vet Sci; 58: pg. 212-216.
25. Meyer, M.J., Capuco, A.V., Ross, D.A., Lintault, L.M., Van Amburgh, M.E. (2006). Development and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal heifer mammary gland: I. Parenchyma and fat pad mass and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 89, pg. 4289–4297.
26. Norman, H.D., Wright, J.R., Hubbard, S.M., Miller, R.H., Hutchison, J.L. (2009). Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 92, pg. 3517–3528.
27. Pryce, J.E., Veerkamp, R.F., Thompson, R., Hill, W.G., Simm, G. (1997). Genetic aspects of common health disorders and measures of fertility in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Anim. Sci. 65, pg. 353– 360.
28. Pryce, J.E. and Veerkamp, R.F. (2001). The incorporation of fertility indices in genetic improvement programs. BSAS Occas. Publ. Fert. High Producing Dairy Cow 26, pg. 237 249.
29. Pursley, J.R., Silcox, R.W. and Wiltbank, M.C. (1998). Effect of time of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, pregnancy loss, and gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: pg. 2139–2144.
30. Roche, J.F., Mackey, D. and Diskin, M.D. (2000). Reproductive management of postpartum cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60–61: pg. 703–712.
31. Royal, M.D., Darwash, A.O., Flint, A.P.F., Webb, R., Woolliams, J.A. and Lamming, G.E. (2000). Declining fertility in dairy cattle: changes in traditional and endocrine parameters of fertility. Anim. Sci. 70: pg. 487–502.
32. Sartori, R., Bastos, M.R., Wiltbank, M.C. (2010). Factors affecting fertilisation and early embryo quality in single- and superovulated dairy cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 22, pg. 151–158.
33. Schmitt, E. J., Diaz, T., Drost, M. and Thatcher, W.W. (1996). Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin for timed insemination in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 74: pg. 1084–1091.
34. Smith, J.W., Ely, L.O., Gilson, W.D. and Groves, W.M. (2004). Effects of artificial
insemination vs natural service breeding on production and reproduction parameters in dairy herds. Prof. Anim. Sci. 20: pg. 185–190.
35. Stevenson, J.S. (1999). Can you have good reproduction and high milk yield? Hoard’s Dairyman 144: pg. 536.
36. Tanaka, T., Arai, M., Ohtani, S., Uemura, S., Kuroiwa, T., Kim, S., Kamomae, H. (2008). Influence of parity on follicular dynamics and resumption of ovarian cycle in postpartum dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 108, pg. 134–143.
37. Waldo, D.R., Tyrrel, H.F., Capuco, A.V., Rexroad Jr, C.E. (1997). Components of growth in Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets to produce two daily gains. J. Dairy Sci. 80, pg. 1674–1684.
38. Walsh, S.W., Williams, E.J., Evans, A.C.O. (2011). A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 123, pg. 127–138.
39. Wiliamson, N.B. (1981). The use of records in reproductive health and management programs for dairy herds. Vet Clin North Am (Large Anim Pract); 3: pg. 271-287.