ENERGY CROPS AS ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE CROPS FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN MACEDONIA AND BULGARIA
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Dec 1, 2018
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In this review the focus is on few agricultural energy crops, which means crops that are grown exclusively or primarily for the purpose of producing biomass for energy purposes in an agricultural rather than a forestry context. However, cultivation of most of these crops is restricted to certain regions, e.g. by requirements for a certain climate zones. Having in mind the similar agro ecological conditions in R. Macedonia and Bulgaria, but also needs of the crops for successful growth and development, species as miscanthus, switch grass and sweet sorghum are introduced as a potentially used energetic plant species for this part of the Balkan region.
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Ayub, M., Tanveer, A., Mahmud, K., Ali, A., M. Azam. (1999). Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Fodder Yield and Quality of Two Sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (1): 247-250.
2. Bransby, D.I., Bouton, J, Conger, B, McLaughlin, S. B., Ocumpaugh, W. R., Parrish, D., Taliaferro, K., Vogel, K., Wallschleger, S. (1999). Developing Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. PotNewCropNewUses. AgronSHS. 282-299.
3. Brunken, J.N., and J.R. Estes. (1975). Cytological and morphological variation in Panicum virgatum L. Southwest. Nat. 19:379–385.
4. Cassida, K.A., Evers, G., Grichar, J., Hons, F., Hussey, M.A., Muir, J.P., Ocumpaugh, W.R., Read, J.C., Tischler, C., Venuto, B.C. (2002). Evaluation of Switchgrass Cultivars and Cultural Methods for Biomass Production in the South Central U.S. OakRidgeNL.TAMU.
5. Christian, D.G., Lampty, J.N.L, Forde, S.M.D., Plumb, R.T. (1994). First report of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus on Miscanthus in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Plant Pathology;100:167-170.
6. Chunshan, G., Wei, C., Xue, F., Jianzhou, Z., Guihua, Lu. (2011). Sorghum Insect Problems and Management. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011, 53 (3): 178–192.
7. Clifton-Brown, J.C., Jones, M.B. (1997). The thermal response of leaf extension rate in genotypes of the C4-grassMiscanthus: an important factor in determining the potential productivity of different genotypes, J. Exp. Bot. 48, 1573–1581.
8. Danalatos, N.G., Dalianis, C., Kyritsis, S. Growth and biomass productivity of Miscanthus sinensis\giganteus under optimum cultural management in north-eastern Greece. In: Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, Sachau J, Wiinblad M, editors. (1996). Biomass for energy and the environment: Proceedings of the Ninth European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. New York: Pergamon,. p. 548-553.
9. Ercolia, L., Mariottib, M., Masonib, A., Bonaria, E. (1999). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yield and efficiency of energy use in crop production of Miscanthus. Field Crops research. Volume 63, Issue 1, pp 3-11.
10. Fike, J.H., Parrish, D.J., Wolf, D.D., Balasko, J.A., Green, J.T. Jr., Rasnake, M., Reynolds, J.H. (2006). Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields. Biomass Bioenergy 30:207–213.
11. Greef, J,M. (1995). Etablierung und Biomassebildung von Miscanthus x giganteus. Gottingen, Germany: Cuvillier Verlag.
12. Greef, J.M., Dauter, M. (1993). Syntaxonomy of Miscanthus x giganteus GREEF et DEU. In: Angewandte Botanik, 67, 1993, pp. 87-90.
13. Hagan, A.K, Bowen, K.L, Pegues, M. (2014) Nitrogen rate and variety impact disease and yield of sorghum for biofuel. Agron J 106: 1205−1211.
14. Hallam, A., Anderson, I., Buxton, D. (2001). Comparative economic analysis of perennial, annual, and intercrops for biomass production. Biomass Bioenergy 21:407–424.
15. Hanson, B.H. (2014). Sweet sorghum (Sorgum bicolor (L.) Moench) response to supplemental irrigation in different growth stages. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43352/Hlophe_Sweet_2014.pdf?sequence= 1&isAllowed=y.
16. Hlophe, BH. (2014). Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) response to supplemental irrigation in different growth stages. in:https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43352/Hlophe_Sweet_2014.pdf?sequenc e=1&isAllowed=y.
17. Hotz, A., Kuhn, W., Jodl, S. Screening of diferent Miscanthus cultivars in respect of yield production and usability as a raw material for energy and industry. In: Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, Sachau J, Wiinblad M, editors. (1996). Biomass for energy and the environment: Proceedings of the Ninth European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. New York: Pergamon, p. 523-527.
18. Hsu, F.H., Nelson, C.J., Matches, A.G. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Sci. 25:215-220.
19. Huisman, W., Kortleve, W.J. (1994). Mechanization of crop establishment, harvest, and post harvest conservation of Miscanthus sinensis\Giganteus". Industrial Crops and Products 2:289297.
20. Is switchgrass a low nutrient input crop or not? from: https://www.ipni.net/ipniweb/pnt.nsf/5a4b8be72a35cd46852568d9001a18da/94e3e3de8f3987 32852573a20046367d/$FILE/PNT-Winter07-5.pdf.
21. Jacobs, A.A., King, J.R. (2012). Using fertilization, irrigation, and harvest strategies to maximize ‘Alamo’ and ‘Cave-in-Rock’ switchgrass biomass yield in the Southern Ozarks. In: Booneville Plant Materials Center Annual Technical Report. http://www.plantmaterials. nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/arpmctr11197.pdf.
22. Kering, M. K., Biermacher, J. T., Butler, T. J., Mosali, J., Guretzky, J. A. (2012). Biomass Yield and Nutrient Responses of Switchgrass to Phosphorus Application. Agronomy & Horticulture - Faculty Publications. 541. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/541.
23. Khanna, M., Dhungana, B. Clifton-Brown, J. (2008). Costs of producing miscanthus and switchgrass for bioenergy in Illinois. Biomass Bioenergy 32:482–493.
24. Leandro, G., Franciele, F.F., André, A., Alexandre, F. da Silva., César, T. F. (2016). Selectivity and efficiency of herbicides in weed control on sweet sorghum. e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 46, n. 2, p. 123-131.
25. Lewandowski, I., Kicherer, A. (1997). Combustion quality of biomass: Practical relevance and experiments to modify the biomass quality of Miscanthus × giganteus, Eur. J. Agron. 6, 163–177.
26. Linde-Laursen, I.B. (1993). Cytogenetic analyses of Miscanthus giganteus, and interspecific hybrid. Hereditas 119: 297-300.
27. Marsalis, M.A, Bean, B. (2011). Western forage production guide. United Sorghum Checkoff Program Lubbock, TX 79403.
28. Maru, K.K., Twain, J.B., Jon, T.B., Jagadeesh M., John A.G. (2013). Effect of Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Switchgrass Productivity and Nutrient Removal Rates under Two Harvest Systems on a Low Potassium Soil. Bioenerg. Res. 6, issue 1: pp 329–335.
29. Maughan, M., Voight, T., Parrish, A. (2012). Forage and energy sorghum response to nitrogen fertilization in central and southern Illinois. Agron J 104: 1032−1040.
30. McLaughlin, S.B., Kszos, L.A. (2005). Development of switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy 28:515–535.
31. Mills, H.A., Jones, J.B. Jr., (1996). Plant analyses handbook II. In: Monti A. 2012. Switchgrass – a valuable biomass crop for energy. pp 205.
32. Monti, A., Bezzi, G., Pritoni, G., Venturi, G. (2008). Long-term productivity of lowland and upland switchgrass cytotypes as affected by cutting frequency. Bioresource Tech. 99:7425– 7432.
33. Moser, L.E., Vogel K.P. (1995). In: Mitchell, R., Fritz, J., Moore, K., Moser, LE., Vogel, K. 2001. Predicting Forage Quality in Switchgrass and Big Bluestem. University of Nebraska – Lincoln, from: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=agronomyfacpub.
34. Muir, J.P, Sanderson, M.A, Ocumpaugh, W.R., Jones, R.M., Reed, R.L. (2001). Biomass production of “Alamo” switchgrass in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and row spacing. Agron J 93: 896901.
35. O'Neill, N.R., Farr,. DF. (1996). Miscanthus blight, a new foliar disease of ornamental grasses and sugarcane incited by Leptosphaeria sp. and its anamorphic state Stagonosphora sp. Plant Disease 80:980-987.
36. Panoutsou, C., Elbersen, B., Böttcher, H. (2011). Energy crops in the European context. Available through: http//: biomassfutures.eu/public_docs/final_deliverables.pdf.
37. Parrish, D.J., Fike, J.H. (2005). The biology and agronomy of switchgrass for biofuels. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24: 423-459.
38. Planting and growing miscanthus. http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/023/838/miscanthus-guide.pdf.
39. Powell, J.M., Hons, F.M. (1992). Fertilizer nitrogen and stover removal effects on sorghum yields and nutrient uptake and partitioning. Agr Ecosyst Environ 39: 197–211.
40. R. Macedonia – IPA Rural Development Program 2014-2020. (2015). Available through: http//: ipardpa.gov.mk/Root/mak/_docz/Zakonodavstvo.pdf.
41. Roy, P.R.S., Khandaker, Z.H. (2010). Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on yield and nutritional value of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) fodder at three cuttings. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39 (1&2): 106 – 115.
42. Samson, R., Delaquis, E., B. Deen, J. DeBruyn and U. Eggimann. 2016. Switchgrass Agronomy 2016. from: https://www.agrireseau.net/documents/Document_93992.pdf.
43. Sanderson, M.A., R.L. Reed, S.B. McLaughlin, S.D. Wullschleger, B.V. Conger, D.J. Parrish, D.D. Wolf, C. Taliaferro, A.A. Hopkins, W.R. Ocumpaugh, M.A.Hussey, J.C. Read, and C.A. Tischler. 1996. Switchgrass as sustainable energy crop. Bioresource Technol. 56:87–93.
44. Sanderson, M.A., Schmer, M.R., Owens, V., Keyser, P. and Elbersen, W. 2012. Crop Management of Switchgrass. Agronomy & Horticulture - Faculty Publications. 551. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/551.
45. Schwarz, H., 1993. Miscanthus sinensis `Giganteus' production on several sites in Austria. Biomass Bioenergy 5, 413-419.
46. Smith WC., Frederiksen AR. 2000. Sorghum – Origin, history, technology and production. page 11.
47. Sweet sorghum production guide. From: http://www.lsuagcenter.com/nr/rdonlyres/7fd22fa23b95-4c4c-a8f8 01f6974910a7/98173/pub3357sweetsorghumproductionguidefinal1.pdf.
48. Thinggaard, K. 1997. Study of the role of Fusarium in the field establishment problem of Miscanthus. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B, Soil and Plant Science 1997;47:238-241.
49. Wortmann, C.S., Liska, A.J., Ferguson, R.B. 2010. Dryland performance of sweet sorghum and grain crops for biofuel in Nebraska. Agron J 102: 319–326.
2. Bransby, D.I., Bouton, J, Conger, B, McLaughlin, S. B., Ocumpaugh, W. R., Parrish, D., Taliaferro, K., Vogel, K., Wallschleger, S. (1999). Developing Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. PotNewCropNewUses. AgronSHS. 282-299.
3. Brunken, J.N., and J.R. Estes. (1975). Cytological and morphological variation in Panicum virgatum L. Southwest. Nat. 19:379–385.
4. Cassida, K.A., Evers, G., Grichar, J., Hons, F., Hussey, M.A., Muir, J.P., Ocumpaugh, W.R., Read, J.C., Tischler, C., Venuto, B.C. (2002). Evaluation of Switchgrass Cultivars and Cultural Methods for Biomass Production in the South Central U.S. OakRidgeNL.TAMU.
5. Christian, D.G., Lampty, J.N.L, Forde, S.M.D., Plumb, R.T. (1994). First report of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus on Miscanthus in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Plant Pathology;100:167-170.
6. Chunshan, G., Wei, C., Xue, F., Jianzhou, Z., Guihua, Lu. (2011). Sorghum Insect Problems and Management. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011, 53 (3): 178–192.
7. Clifton-Brown, J.C., Jones, M.B. (1997). The thermal response of leaf extension rate in genotypes of the C4-grassMiscanthus: an important factor in determining the potential productivity of different genotypes, J. Exp. Bot. 48, 1573–1581.
8. Danalatos, N.G., Dalianis, C., Kyritsis, S. Growth and biomass productivity of Miscanthus sinensis\giganteus under optimum cultural management in north-eastern Greece. In: Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, Sachau J, Wiinblad M, editors. (1996). Biomass for energy and the environment: Proceedings of the Ninth European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. New York: Pergamon,. p. 548-553.
9. Ercolia, L., Mariottib, M., Masonib, A., Bonaria, E. (1999). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yield and efficiency of energy use in crop production of Miscanthus. Field Crops research. Volume 63, Issue 1, pp 3-11.
10. Fike, J.H., Parrish, D.J., Wolf, D.D., Balasko, J.A., Green, J.T. Jr., Rasnake, M., Reynolds, J.H. (2006). Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields. Biomass Bioenergy 30:207–213.
11. Greef, J,M. (1995). Etablierung und Biomassebildung von Miscanthus x giganteus. Gottingen, Germany: Cuvillier Verlag.
12. Greef, J.M., Dauter, M. (1993). Syntaxonomy of Miscanthus x giganteus GREEF et DEU. In: Angewandte Botanik, 67, 1993, pp. 87-90.
13. Hagan, A.K, Bowen, K.L, Pegues, M. (2014) Nitrogen rate and variety impact disease and yield of sorghum for biofuel. Agron J 106: 1205−1211.
14. Hallam, A., Anderson, I., Buxton, D. (2001). Comparative economic analysis of perennial, annual, and intercrops for biomass production. Biomass Bioenergy 21:407–424.
15. Hanson, B.H. (2014). Sweet sorghum (Sorgum bicolor (L.) Moench) response to supplemental irrigation in different growth stages. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43352/Hlophe_Sweet_2014.pdf?sequence= 1&isAllowed=y.
16. Hlophe, BH. (2014). Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) response to supplemental irrigation in different growth stages. in:https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43352/Hlophe_Sweet_2014.pdf?sequenc e=1&isAllowed=y.
17. Hotz, A., Kuhn, W., Jodl, S. Screening of diferent Miscanthus cultivars in respect of yield production and usability as a raw material for energy and industry. In: Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, Sachau J, Wiinblad M, editors. (1996). Biomass for energy and the environment: Proceedings of the Ninth European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. New York: Pergamon, p. 523-527.
18. Hsu, F.H., Nelson, C.J., Matches, A.G. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Sci. 25:215-220.
19. Huisman, W., Kortleve, W.J. (1994). Mechanization of crop establishment, harvest, and post harvest conservation of Miscanthus sinensis\Giganteus". Industrial Crops and Products 2:289297.
20. Is switchgrass a low nutrient input crop or not? from: https://www.ipni.net/ipniweb/pnt.nsf/5a4b8be72a35cd46852568d9001a18da/94e3e3de8f3987 32852573a20046367d/$FILE/PNT-Winter07-5.pdf.
21. Jacobs, A.A., King, J.R. (2012). Using fertilization, irrigation, and harvest strategies to maximize ‘Alamo’ and ‘Cave-in-Rock’ switchgrass biomass yield in the Southern Ozarks. In: Booneville Plant Materials Center Annual Technical Report. http://www.plantmaterials. nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/arpmctr11197.pdf.
22. Kering, M. K., Biermacher, J. T., Butler, T. J., Mosali, J., Guretzky, J. A. (2012). Biomass Yield and Nutrient Responses of Switchgrass to Phosphorus Application. Agronomy & Horticulture - Faculty Publications. 541. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/541.
23. Khanna, M., Dhungana, B. Clifton-Brown, J. (2008). Costs of producing miscanthus and switchgrass for bioenergy in Illinois. Biomass Bioenergy 32:482–493.
24. Leandro, G., Franciele, F.F., André, A., Alexandre, F. da Silva., César, T. F. (2016). Selectivity and efficiency of herbicides in weed control on sweet sorghum. e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 46, n. 2, p. 123-131.
25. Lewandowski, I., Kicherer, A. (1997). Combustion quality of biomass: Practical relevance and experiments to modify the biomass quality of Miscanthus × giganteus, Eur. J. Agron. 6, 163–177.
26. Linde-Laursen, I.B. (1993). Cytogenetic analyses of Miscanthus giganteus, and interspecific hybrid. Hereditas 119: 297-300.
27. Marsalis, M.A, Bean, B. (2011). Western forage production guide. United Sorghum Checkoff Program Lubbock, TX 79403.
28. Maru, K.K., Twain, J.B., Jon, T.B., Jagadeesh M., John A.G. (2013). Effect of Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Switchgrass Productivity and Nutrient Removal Rates under Two Harvest Systems on a Low Potassium Soil. Bioenerg. Res. 6, issue 1: pp 329–335.
29. Maughan, M., Voight, T., Parrish, A. (2012). Forage and energy sorghum response to nitrogen fertilization in central and southern Illinois. Agron J 104: 1032−1040.
30. McLaughlin, S.B., Kszos, L.A. (2005). Development of switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy 28:515–535.
31. Mills, H.A., Jones, J.B. Jr., (1996). Plant analyses handbook II. In: Monti A. 2012. Switchgrass – a valuable biomass crop for energy. pp 205.
32. Monti, A., Bezzi, G., Pritoni, G., Venturi, G. (2008). Long-term productivity of lowland and upland switchgrass cytotypes as affected by cutting frequency. Bioresource Tech. 99:7425– 7432.
33. Moser, L.E., Vogel K.P. (1995). In: Mitchell, R., Fritz, J., Moore, K., Moser, LE., Vogel, K. 2001. Predicting Forage Quality in Switchgrass and Big Bluestem. University of Nebraska – Lincoln, from: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=agronomyfacpub.
34. Muir, J.P, Sanderson, M.A, Ocumpaugh, W.R., Jones, R.M., Reed, R.L. (2001). Biomass production of “Alamo” switchgrass in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and row spacing. Agron J 93: 896901.
35. O'Neill, N.R., Farr,. DF. (1996). Miscanthus blight, a new foliar disease of ornamental grasses and sugarcane incited by Leptosphaeria sp. and its anamorphic state Stagonosphora sp. Plant Disease 80:980-987.
36. Panoutsou, C., Elbersen, B., Böttcher, H. (2011). Energy crops in the European context. Available through: http//: biomassfutures.eu/public_docs/final_deliverables.pdf.
37. Parrish, D.J., Fike, J.H. (2005). The biology and agronomy of switchgrass for biofuels. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24: 423-459.
38. Planting and growing miscanthus. http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/023/838/miscanthus-guide.pdf.
39. Powell, J.M., Hons, F.M. (1992). Fertilizer nitrogen and stover removal effects on sorghum yields and nutrient uptake and partitioning. Agr Ecosyst Environ 39: 197–211.
40. R. Macedonia – IPA Rural Development Program 2014-2020. (2015). Available through: http//: ipardpa.gov.mk/Root/mak/_docz/Zakonodavstvo.pdf.
41. Roy, P.R.S., Khandaker, Z.H. (2010). Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on yield and nutritional value of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) fodder at three cuttings. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39 (1&2): 106 – 115.
42. Samson, R., Delaquis, E., B. Deen, J. DeBruyn and U. Eggimann. 2016. Switchgrass Agronomy 2016. from: https://www.agrireseau.net/documents/Document_93992.pdf.
43. Sanderson, M.A., R.L. Reed, S.B. McLaughlin, S.D. Wullschleger, B.V. Conger, D.J. Parrish, D.D. Wolf, C. Taliaferro, A.A. Hopkins, W.R. Ocumpaugh, M.A.Hussey, J.C. Read, and C.A. Tischler. 1996. Switchgrass as sustainable energy crop. Bioresource Technol. 56:87–93.
44. Sanderson, M.A., Schmer, M.R., Owens, V., Keyser, P. and Elbersen, W. 2012. Crop Management of Switchgrass. Agronomy & Horticulture - Faculty Publications. 551. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/551.
45. Schwarz, H., 1993. Miscanthus sinensis `Giganteus' production on several sites in Austria. Biomass Bioenergy 5, 413-419.
46. Smith WC., Frederiksen AR. 2000. Sorghum – Origin, history, technology and production. page 11.
47. Sweet sorghum production guide. From: http://www.lsuagcenter.com/nr/rdonlyres/7fd22fa23b95-4c4c-a8f8 01f6974910a7/98173/pub3357sweetsorghumproductionguidefinal1.pdf.
48. Thinggaard, K. 1997. Study of the role of Fusarium in the field establishment problem of Miscanthus. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B, Soil and Plant Science 1997;47:238-241.
49. Wortmann, C.S., Liska, A.J., Ferguson, R.B. 2010. Dryland performance of sweet sorghum and grain crops for biofuel in Nebraska. Agron J 102: 319–326.