PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF LOCAL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) VARIETIES INTENDED FOR DEHYDRATION
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Published:
Jun 15, 2023
Keywords:
Capsicum, local varieties, diversity, principal component analysis, cluster analysis.
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Abstract
Peppers are one of the most divergent group of vegetables globally. In part of the Balkan region, but mostly in Macedonia there are distinct local varieties, intended for drying as a whole fruit on strings and are used in traditional dishes, processed foods and as condiments. A collection of 21 local pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties intended for drying in traditional manner, was evaluated for 26 plant traits. The Principal Component Analysis yielded 5 principal components with eigenvalue > 1, explaining 81.48 % of the variability. The first two principal components were highly corelated with 8 plant traits (FL – fruit length, FWg – fruit weight (g), PL – pedicel length (cm), PT – pericarp thickness (mm), PW – plant width (cm), LL – leaf length (cm), DFL-days to flowering, DFR – days to fruiting). The cluster analysis, based on those traits was performed and resulted in grouping the accession into three clusters. The first included accessions with highest values for the analysed traits, while the third cluster included accessions with lowest values for days to fruiting and maturity. The initial characterization of the investigated pepper germplasm, based on qualitative and quantitative plant traits, revealed high variability among the accessions.
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References
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Bedjaoui, H., Boulelouah, N., Mehaoua, M. S., Baississe, S., Badache, S., Boutiba, S., & Reguieg, L. (2022). Exploring agro-morphological diversity of Algerian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions using multivariate statistics. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 34(10), 836–849. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2022.v34.i10.2939
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Drvoshanova, B., Ivanovska, S., Jankulovska, M., Popsimonova, G., & Ibushoska, A. (2021). Evaluation of fruit traits in pepper (type kapiya) collection from North Macedonia. Acta Horticulturae, 1320, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1320.3
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Gurung, T., Sitaula, * B K, Penjor, T., & Tshomo, D. (2020). Genetic diversity of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) genotypes grown in Bhutan based on morphological characters. In SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics (Vol. 52, Issue 4).
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Ivanovska, S., Jankulovska, M., & Sandeva-Atanasova, N. (2021). Macedonian priceless heritage genetic diversity of beans (Phaseolus sp.) (pp. 1–96). Macedonian Ecological Society.
Jankulovska, M., Ivanovska, S., & Sandeva Atanasova, N. (2019). Macedonian autochthonous varieties: embroidered peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, 73(1), 75–82. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx
Kraft, K. H., Brown, C. H., Nabhan, G. P., Luedeling, E., De Jesús Luna Ruiz, J., D’Eeckenbrugge, G. C., Hijmans, R. J., & Gepts, P. (2014). Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(17), 6165–6170. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308933111
Martínez-Ispizua, E., Calatayud, Á., Marsal, J. I., Mateos-Fernández, R., Díez, M. J., Soler, S., Valcárcel, J. V., & Martínez-Cuenca, M.-R. (2022). Phenotypic Divergence among Sweet Pepper Landraces Assessed by Agro-Morphological Characterization as a Biodiversity Source. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy
Nankar, A. N., Todorova, V., Tringovska, I., Pasev, G., Radeva-Ivanova, V., Ivanova, V., & Kostova, D. (2020). A step towards Balkan Capsicum annuum L. core collection: Phenotypic and biochemical characterization of 180 accessions for agronomic, fruit quality, and virus resistance traits. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237741
Perry, L., Dickau, R., Zarrillo, S., Holst, I., Pearsall, D. M., Piperno, D. R., Berman, M. J., Cooke, R. G., Rademaker, K., Ranere, A. J., Raymond, J. S., Sandweiss, D. H., Scaramelli, F., Tarble, K., & Zeidler, J. A. (2007). Starch fossils and the domestication and dispersal of chili peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas. Science, 315(5814), 986–988. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136914
Pickersgill, B. (1971). Relationships between weedy and cultivated forms in some species of chili peppers (Genus Capsicum). Evolution, 25(4), 683–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x
Ristovska, B., Brindza, J., Abrahamova, V., & Agic, R. (2013). Variability of flower traits in some heirloom pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties from south-eastern Balkan region. Agrobiodiverzita Pre Zlepšenie Života, 1(1), 127–133. http://www.uniag.sk/
Sampaio, A. P. L., Aguilera, J. G., Mendes, A. M. da S., Argentel-Martínez, L., Zuffo, A. M., & Teodoro, P. E. (2023). The role of the genetic diversity of Capsicum spp. in the conservation of the species: Qualitative and quantitative characterization. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 47. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347009122
Sandeva Atanasova, N., Jankulovska, M., & Ivanovska, S. (2021). Genetic diversity of Macedonian embroidered pepper (Capsicum spp.) based on fruit morphological traits. Acta Horticulturae, 1320, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1320.4
XL STAT Version 2014.5.03 Copyright Addinsoft 1995-2014
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111732
Barboza, G. E., García, C. C., de Bem Bianchetti, L., Romero, M. V., & Scaldaferro, M. (2022). Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys, 200, 1–423. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667
Bedjaoui, H., Boulelouah, N., Mehaoua, M. S., Baississe, S., Badache, S., Boutiba, S., & Reguieg, L. (2022). Exploring agro-morphological diversity of Algerian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions using multivariate statistics. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 34(10), 836–849. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2022.v34.i10.2939
Bhandari HR, Bhanu Nishant A, Srivastava K, Singh MN, & Shreya A Hemantaranjan. (2017). Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants - An Overview. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2017.07.00255
Bhardwaj, N., Parashar, B., Kumar, A., Deepankar, & Jaslam, P. K. M. (2022). Principal component analysis for the assessment of genetic diversity. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2357. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0080566
Braga Oliveira Vilarinho, L., Jose Henriques da Silva, D., Greene, A., Denee Salazar, K., Alves, C., Eveleth, M., Nichols, B., Kalil Khoury Jr, J., Johnson, J. V, Sargent, S. A., & Rathinasabapathi, B. (2015). Inheritance of Fruit Traits in Capsicum annuum: Heirloom Cultivars as Sources of Quality Parameters Relating to Pericarp Shape, Color, Thickness, and Total Soluble Solids. In J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI (Vol. 140, Issue 6).
Bridgemohan, P., Mohammed, M., Bridgemohan, R. S. H., & Mohammed, Z. (2018). Hot Peppers: VII. Pre-processing operations on Quality and Color Stability in Caribbean Red Hot Peppers (Capsicum chinensis L.) AQ2 AQ3. Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics •, 1, 1.
de Almeida, B. M., Feitoza, L. de L., Lopes, Â. C. de A., Gomes, R. L. F., Almeida, R. da C., Martins, L. D. V., & da Silva, V. B. (2023). Morphological diversity among Brazilian Capsicum peppers. Ciencia Rural, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210559
Díez, M. J., De la Rosa, L., Martín, I., Guasch, L., Cartea, M. E., Mallor, C., Casals, J., Simó, J., Rivera, A., Anastasio, G., Prohens, J., Soler, S., Blanca, J., Valcárcel, J. V., & Casañas, F. (2018). Plant genebanks: Present situation and proposals for their improvement. The case of the Spanish network. Frontiers in Plant Science, 871. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01794
Drvoshanova, B., Ivanovska, S., Jankulovska, M., Popsimonova, G., & Ibushoska, A. (2021). Evaluation of fruit traits in pepper (type kapiya) collection from North Macedonia. Acta Horticulturae, 1320, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1320.3
Dwivedi, S., Goldman, I., & Ortiz, R. (2019). Pursuing the potential of heirloom cultivars to improve adaptation, nutritional, and culinary features of food crops. In Agronomy (Vol. 9, Issue 8). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080441
E Silva, M. R., & Silva, R. N. O. (2021). Morpho-agronomic characterization and genetic diversity in peppers (Capsicum spp.). Revista Caatinga, 34(3), 505–513. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252021v34n302rc
Ficiciyan, A., Loos, J., Sievers-Glotzbach, S., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). More than yield: Ecosystem services of traditional versus modern crop varieties revisited. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 10, Issue 8). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082834
Gurung, T., Sitaula, * B K, Penjor, T., & Tshomo, D. (2020). Genetic diversity of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) genotypes grown in Bhutan based on morphological characters. In SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics (Vol. 52, Issue 4).
IPGRI AVRDC CATIE. (1995). Descriptors for Capsicum (Capsicum spp.) (R. I. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, T. T. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, & T. C. R. Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza, Eds.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Ivanovska, S., Jankulovska, M., & Sandeva-Atanasova, N. (2021). Macedonian priceless heritage genetic diversity of beans (Phaseolus sp.) (pp. 1–96). Macedonian Ecological Society.
Jankulovska, M., Ivanovska, S., & Sandeva Atanasova, N. (2019). Macedonian autochthonous varieties: embroidered peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, 73(1), 75–82. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx
Kraft, K. H., Brown, C. H., Nabhan, G. P., Luedeling, E., De Jesús Luna Ruiz, J., D’Eeckenbrugge, G. C., Hijmans, R. J., & Gepts, P. (2014). Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(17), 6165–6170. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308933111
Martínez-Ispizua, E., Calatayud, Á., Marsal, J. I., Mateos-Fernández, R., Díez, M. J., Soler, S., Valcárcel, J. V., & Martínez-Cuenca, M.-R. (2022). Phenotypic Divergence among Sweet Pepper Landraces Assessed by Agro-Morphological Characterization as a Biodiversity Source. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy
Nankar, A. N., Todorova, V., Tringovska, I., Pasev, G., Radeva-Ivanova, V., Ivanova, V., & Kostova, D. (2020). A step towards Balkan Capsicum annuum L. core collection: Phenotypic and biochemical characterization of 180 accessions for agronomic, fruit quality, and virus resistance traits. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237741
Perry, L., Dickau, R., Zarrillo, S., Holst, I., Pearsall, D. M., Piperno, D. R., Berman, M. J., Cooke, R. G., Rademaker, K., Ranere, A. J., Raymond, J. S., Sandweiss, D. H., Scaramelli, F., Tarble, K., & Zeidler, J. A. (2007). Starch fossils and the domestication and dispersal of chili peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas. Science, 315(5814), 986–988. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136914
Pickersgill, B. (1971). Relationships between weedy and cultivated forms in some species of chili peppers (Genus Capsicum). Evolution, 25(4), 683–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x
Ristovska, B., Brindza, J., Abrahamova, V., & Agic, R. (2013). Variability of flower traits in some heirloom pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties from south-eastern Balkan region. Agrobiodiverzita Pre Zlepšenie Života, 1(1), 127–133. http://www.uniag.sk/
Sampaio, A. P. L., Aguilera, J. G., Mendes, A. M. da S., Argentel-Martínez, L., Zuffo, A. M., & Teodoro, P. E. (2023). The role of the genetic diversity of Capsicum spp. in the conservation of the species: Qualitative and quantitative characterization. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 47. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347009122
Sandeva Atanasova, N., Jankulovska, M., & Ivanovska, S. (2021). Genetic diversity of Macedonian embroidered pepper (Capsicum spp.) based on fruit morphological traits. Acta Horticulturae, 1320, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1320.4
XL STAT Version 2014.5.03 Copyright Addinsoft 1995-2014