RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS, L.) – BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS, GROWING CONDITIONS AND NEED FOR IRRIGATION
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Published:
Apr 1, 2018
Keywords:
rapeseed, abiotic stressing factors, irrigation scheduling, yield and yield components.
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Abstract
Rapeseed is one of the most important energy and food crops. The European agricultural producers are highly interested in it due to the obligations under the EU Directive for replacing the fossil fuels with biofuels as much as 20% by 2020, which has drawn the purchase prices considerably up. Rapeseed is widely used for production of cooking oil and rich in protein feed too. As regards to the environment, it contributes for restoration of degraded and contaminated lands owing to its capability for improving soil structure and leaving the area free of weeds. Rapeseed is one of the best pre-crops of winter wheat and contributes for some 20-30% increase of its yield. The paper contains an overview of different aspects of rapeseed growing: its biological requirements and the abiotic stressing factors in the Balkan geographic region; its sensibility to water and the impact of the water deficit on the yield and yield structural components; its yearly and monthly evapotranspiration and crop coefficients at different empirical evapotranspiration calculation methods; world data on its yields and the agricultural practices such as proper irrigation scheduling for its yield increase. The conclusions show that the soil and the climatic conditions on the Balkans are suitable for rapeseed growing and irrigation can contribute for obtaining sustainable yields from this crop.
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References
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8. http://www.tropentag.de/2009/abstracts/links/Bilibio_hEnwN4GC.pdf
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11. Brennan, R.F., Mason, M.G. and Walton, G.H. (2000). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the concentrations of oil and protein in canola (Brassica napus, L.) seed. J. Plant Nutr., 23: 339-348
12. Choudhury, A.K. (1990). Response of rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) to irrigation and nitrogen levels under sandy-loam soils of Assam. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60, 5: 347-349
13. Danesh-Shahraki, A., Nadian, H., Bakhshanden, A., Fathi, G., Alamisaied, K. and Gharineh, M. (2008). Optimization of irrigation and nitrogen regimes foe rapeseed production under drought stress. Journal of Agronomy, 7(4): 321-326
14. Daneshvar, M.Z., Sarvestani, Z.T. and Savani, S.A. (2008). Different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on some agro-physiologic traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 11(2): 1530-1540
15. Fanaei, H.R., Galavi, M., Kafi, M. and Ghaari Bonjar, A. (2009). Amelioration of water stress by potassium fertilizer in two oilseed species. International Journal of Plant Production 3 (2): 41-54
16. Francois, L.E. (1994). Growth, seed yield, and oil content of canola grown under saline conditions. Agronomy Journal, 86, 2: 233-237.
17. Gan, Y., Angadi, S.V., Cutforth, H., Angadi, V.V. and McDonald, C.L. (2004). Canola and mustard response to short periods of temperature and water stress at different developmental stages. Can. J. Plant Sci., 84: 697-704.
18. Gilliland, G.C. and Hang, A.N. (2003) Oilseed rape keeps irrigated land productive during drought. Drought Advisory, EM4833, http://pubs.wsu.edu
19. Gunasekara, C.P., Martin, L.D., French, R.J., Siddique, K.H.M. and Walton, G.H. (2003). Effect of water stress on water relations and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) and canola (B. napus, L.). Proc. 11th Australian Agronomy Conference, 2-6 Febr., Geelong, Victoria, Australia
20. Gunasekara, C.P., Martin, L.D., French, R.J., Siddique, K.H.M. and Walton, G. (2006). Genotype by environment interactions of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) and canola (Brassica napus, L.) in Mediterranean-type environments: I. Crop growth and seed yield. Euro. J. Agron. 25: 1-12.
21. Hang, N., Collins, H.P. and Sowers, K.E. (2009). WSU Extesion Manual EM006E http://pubs.wsu.edu
22. Henry, J.L. and McDonald, K.B. (1978). The effects of soil and fertilizer nitrogen and moisture stress on yield, oil and protein content of rape. Can. J. Plant Sci., 58: 303-310
23. Istanbulluoglu, A., Arslan, B., Gocmen, E., Gezer, E. and Pasa, C. (2010). Effects of deficit irrigation regimes on the yield and growth of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, L.). Biosystem Engineering, 105: 388–394
24. Ivanova, R. (2010). Rapeseed – a crop of the future. Videnov & Son, 210 с.
25. Johnston, A.M., Tanaka, D.L., Miller, P.R., Brandt, S.A., Nielsen, D.C., Lafond, G.P. and Riveland, N.R. (2002). Oilseed crops for semiarid cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 94: 231–240
26. Krogman, K.K. and Hobbs, E.H. (1975). Yield and morphological response of rape (Brassica campestris, L., Cv. Span) to irrigation and fertilizer treatments. Can. J. Plant Sci., 55: 903-909. 27. Mansour, H.Z., Shiranirad, A.H., Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., Majd Nasiri, B. and Hamid, M. (2005). Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of autumn rapeseed varieties. Journal of Agriculture, 7(2): 17-24
28. Masoud Sinaki, M.J., Majidi Heravan, E., Shirani Rad, H., Noormohammadi, G.and Zare, G.H. (2007). The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus, L.). Am-Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 2: 417-422.
29. McKenzie, R.H. (2009). Crop water use and requirements. Agri-Facts - Practical Information for Alberta Agriculture Industry. Agdex 100/561-1
30. Mendham, N.J. and Salisbury, P.A. (1995). Physiology, crop development, growth and yield. In: Kimber, D.S. and D.I. McGregor. (Ed.). Brassica Oilseeds: Production and utilization. CAB International, London: 11-64.
31. Moaveni, P., Ebrahimi, A. and Farahani, H.A. (2010). Physiological growth indices in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) cultivars as affected by drought stress at Iran. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 1(1): 11-16
32. Muhammad, T., Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and Sabir, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola (Brassica napus L.) under different irrigation levels. Pak. J. Bot., 39: 739-746.
33. Naderikharadji, R., Pakniyat, H.and Biyabani, A.R. (2008). Effect of drought stress on photosynthetic rate of four rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) cultivars. J. Applied Sci., 8 (23): 4460-4463
34. Nasri, M., Zahedi, H., Tohidi Moghadam, H.R., Ghooshchi, F.and Paknejad, F. (2008). Investigation of water stress on macro elements in rapeseed genotypes leaf (Brassica napus, L.). American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3 (4): 669-672
35. Niazi, J. and Fooladmand, H. R. (2006). Irrigation Frequency and Irrigation Requirement of Three Different Rapeseed Cultivars in Zarghan Area, Fars Province. Journal of Science and TEC of Agriculture and Technology Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science, 10, 3: 71-82
36. North, S. (2010). Tactical Irrigation Strategies for Maximizing Farm Profitability in Mixed Cropping Enterprises. Irrigation Matter Series No. 03/10, Cooperative Center for Irrigation Futures.
37. Nuttall, W. P., Molin, A.P. and Townley-Smith, L.J. (1992). Yield response of canola to nitrogen, phosphorus, precipitation, and temperature. Agronomy Journal, 84: 765-768.
38. Rahnema, M. and Bakhshandeh, A.M. (2006). Determination of optimum irrigation level and compatible canola varieties in the Mediterranean environment. Asian J. Plant Sci., 5: 543-546. 39. Robertson, M. J., Holland, J.F. and Kirkegaard, J.A. and Smith, C. J. (2001). Simulating growth and development of canola in Australia. Proc. 10th Intern. Rapeseed Congress, Caбр.erra, Australia, 27-29 Sept., 2001, Internet
40. Smith, C.J., Wright, G.C. and Woodroofe, M.R. (1988). The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) production in south-eastern Australia. IІ. Nitrogen accumulation and oil yield. Irrig. Sci. 9: 15-25
41. Sovero, M. (1993). The biology of Brassica napus, L. Canola/Rapeseed. Cultural and environmental requirements. In: Rapeseed, a new oilseed crop for United States (Ed., J. Janick): 302307.
42. Sultana, S., Ruhul Amin, A.K.M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2009). Growth and yield of rapeseed (Brassica campestris, L.) varieties as affected by levels of irrigation. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1): 34-39
43. Tahir, M. Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and Sabir, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola (Brassica napus, L.) under different irrigation levels. Pak. J. Bot., 39(3): 739-746
44. Taylor, A. J., Smith, C. J. and Wilson, I. B. (1991). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus, L.). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 29, 3: 249-260
45. Taylor, A. J. and Smith, C. J. (1992). Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus, L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: 1629-41.
46. Tesfamariam, E.H. (2004). Modelling the soil water balance of canola Brassica napus L (Hyola 60). PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria etd., 120 pp.
47. Wright, G.C., Smith, C.J. and Woodroofe, M.R. (1988). The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) production in south-eastern Australia. I. Growth and seed yield. Irrig. Sci. 9: 1-13.
2. Aiken, R. M. and Lamm, F. R. (2006). Irrigation of oilseed crops. In: Proc. Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Colby, K.S., Feb. 21-22, 2006. Available from CPIA, 760 N. Thompson, Colby, KS: 162172.
3. Alberta Agriculture (1980) Irrigated oilseed rape production. Agdex No. 149/561-1. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Agriculture.
4. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrig. and Drainage Paper No. 56, Rome, 300 pp. 5. Asare, E. and Scarisbrick, D.H. (1995). Rate of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed qualit of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, L.). Field Crop Res., 44: 41-46
6. Bauder, J.W. (2006). The right strategy for irrigating your canola crop. http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/irrigation/canolastrategy.shtml 4 pp.
7. Bilibio, С., Hensel, O., Carvalho, J. A., Martins, M., Rezende, F. and de Freitas, W. A. (2009a). Optimizing water use in irrigated rapeseed areas in Brazil. Tropentag, October 6-8, 2009, Hamburg “Biophysical and Socio-economic Frame Conditions for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources”
8. http://www.tropentag.de/2009/abstracts/links/Bilibio_hEnwN4GC.pdf
9. Bilibio, C., Hensel, O., de Assuncao Carvalho, J., Richter, U. and Martins, M. (2009b). Effect of different levels of water deficit on yield parameters of rapeseed crop Bioenergy Engineering, 11-14 October 2009, Bellevue, Washington, BIO-098000,
10. https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=28875&t=2
11. Brennan, R.F., Mason, M.G. and Walton, G.H. (2000). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the concentrations of oil and protein in canola (Brassica napus, L.) seed. J. Plant Nutr., 23: 339-348
12. Choudhury, A.K. (1990). Response of rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) to irrigation and nitrogen levels under sandy-loam soils of Assam. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60, 5: 347-349
13. Danesh-Shahraki, A., Nadian, H., Bakhshanden, A., Fathi, G., Alamisaied, K. and Gharineh, M. (2008). Optimization of irrigation and nitrogen regimes foe rapeseed production under drought stress. Journal of Agronomy, 7(4): 321-326
14. Daneshvar, M.Z., Sarvestani, Z.T. and Savani, S.A. (2008). Different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on some agro-physiologic traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 11(2): 1530-1540
15. Fanaei, H.R., Galavi, M., Kafi, M. and Ghaari Bonjar, A. (2009). Amelioration of water stress by potassium fertilizer in two oilseed species. International Journal of Plant Production 3 (2): 41-54
16. Francois, L.E. (1994). Growth, seed yield, and oil content of canola grown under saline conditions. Agronomy Journal, 86, 2: 233-237.
17. Gan, Y., Angadi, S.V., Cutforth, H., Angadi, V.V. and McDonald, C.L. (2004). Canola and mustard response to short periods of temperature and water stress at different developmental stages. Can. J. Plant Sci., 84: 697-704.
18. Gilliland, G.C. and Hang, A.N. (2003) Oilseed rape keeps irrigated land productive during drought. Drought Advisory, EM4833, http://pubs.wsu.edu
19. Gunasekara, C.P., Martin, L.D., French, R.J., Siddique, K.H.M. and Walton, G.H. (2003). Effect of water stress on water relations and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) and canola (B. napus, L.). Proc. 11th Australian Agronomy Conference, 2-6 Febr., Geelong, Victoria, Australia
20. Gunasekara, C.P., Martin, L.D., French, R.J., Siddique, K.H.M. and Walton, G. (2006). Genotype by environment interactions of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) and canola (Brassica napus, L.) in Mediterranean-type environments: I. Crop growth and seed yield. Euro. J. Agron. 25: 1-12.
21. Hang, N., Collins, H.P. and Sowers, K.E. (2009). WSU Extesion Manual EM006E http://pubs.wsu.edu
22. Henry, J.L. and McDonald, K.B. (1978). The effects of soil and fertilizer nitrogen and moisture stress on yield, oil and protein content of rape. Can. J. Plant Sci., 58: 303-310
23. Istanbulluoglu, A., Arslan, B., Gocmen, E., Gezer, E. and Pasa, C. (2010). Effects of deficit irrigation regimes on the yield and growth of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, L.). Biosystem Engineering, 105: 388–394
24. Ivanova, R. (2010). Rapeseed – a crop of the future. Videnov & Son, 210 с.
25. Johnston, A.M., Tanaka, D.L., Miller, P.R., Brandt, S.A., Nielsen, D.C., Lafond, G.P. and Riveland, N.R. (2002). Oilseed crops for semiarid cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 94: 231–240
26. Krogman, K.K. and Hobbs, E.H. (1975). Yield and morphological response of rape (Brassica campestris, L., Cv. Span) to irrigation and fertilizer treatments. Can. J. Plant Sci., 55: 903-909. 27. Mansour, H.Z., Shiranirad, A.H., Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., Majd Nasiri, B. and Hamid, M. (2005). Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of autumn rapeseed varieties. Journal of Agriculture, 7(2): 17-24
28. Masoud Sinaki, M.J., Majidi Heravan, E., Shirani Rad, H., Noormohammadi, G.and Zare, G.H. (2007). The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus, L.). Am-Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 2: 417-422.
29. McKenzie, R.H. (2009). Crop water use and requirements. Agri-Facts - Practical Information for Alberta Agriculture Industry. Agdex 100/561-1
30. Mendham, N.J. and Salisbury, P.A. (1995). Physiology, crop development, growth and yield. In: Kimber, D.S. and D.I. McGregor. (Ed.). Brassica Oilseeds: Production and utilization. CAB International, London: 11-64.
31. Moaveni, P., Ebrahimi, A. and Farahani, H.A. (2010). Physiological growth indices in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) cultivars as affected by drought stress at Iran. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 1(1): 11-16
32. Muhammad, T., Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and Sabir, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola (Brassica napus L.) under different irrigation levels. Pak. J. Bot., 39: 739-746.
33. Naderikharadji, R., Pakniyat, H.and Biyabani, A.R. (2008). Effect of drought stress on photosynthetic rate of four rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) cultivars. J. Applied Sci., 8 (23): 4460-4463
34. Nasri, M., Zahedi, H., Tohidi Moghadam, H.R., Ghooshchi, F.and Paknejad, F. (2008). Investigation of water stress on macro elements in rapeseed genotypes leaf (Brassica napus, L.). American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3 (4): 669-672
35. Niazi, J. and Fooladmand, H. R. (2006). Irrigation Frequency and Irrigation Requirement of Three Different Rapeseed Cultivars in Zarghan Area, Fars Province. Journal of Science and TEC of Agriculture and Technology Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science, 10, 3: 71-82
36. North, S. (2010). Tactical Irrigation Strategies for Maximizing Farm Profitability in Mixed Cropping Enterprises. Irrigation Matter Series No. 03/10, Cooperative Center for Irrigation Futures.
37. Nuttall, W. P., Molin, A.P. and Townley-Smith, L.J. (1992). Yield response of canola to nitrogen, phosphorus, precipitation, and temperature. Agronomy Journal, 84: 765-768.
38. Rahnema, M. and Bakhshandeh, A.M. (2006). Determination of optimum irrigation level and compatible canola varieties in the Mediterranean environment. Asian J. Plant Sci., 5: 543-546. 39. Robertson, M. J., Holland, J.F. and Kirkegaard, J.A. and Smith, C. J. (2001). Simulating growth and development of canola in Australia. Proc. 10th Intern. Rapeseed Congress, Caбр.erra, Australia, 27-29 Sept., 2001, Internet
40. Smith, C.J., Wright, G.C. and Woodroofe, M.R. (1988). The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) production in south-eastern Australia. IІ. Nitrogen accumulation and oil yield. Irrig. Sci. 9: 15-25
41. Sovero, M. (1993). The biology of Brassica napus, L. Canola/Rapeseed. Cultural and environmental requirements. In: Rapeseed, a new oilseed crop for United States (Ed., J. Janick): 302307.
42. Sultana, S., Ruhul Amin, A.K.M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2009). Growth and yield of rapeseed (Brassica campestris, L.) varieties as affected by levels of irrigation. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1): 34-39
43. Tahir, M. Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and Sabir, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola (Brassica napus, L.) under different irrigation levels. Pak. J. Bot., 39(3): 739-746
44. Taylor, A. J., Smith, C. J. and Wilson, I. B. (1991). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus, L.). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 29, 3: 249-260
45. Taylor, A. J. and Smith, C. J. (1992). Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus, L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: 1629-41.
46. Tesfamariam, E.H. (2004). Modelling the soil water balance of canola Brassica napus L (Hyola 60). PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria etd., 120 pp.
47. Wright, G.C., Smith, C.J. and Woodroofe, M.R. (1988). The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) production in south-eastern Australia. I. Growth and seed yield. Irrig. Sci. 9: 1-13.