DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY-GENERATION EVALUATION OF GAMMA-INDUCED VARIABILITY IN DRY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
Клучни зборови:
gamma irradiation, bean mutants, early generations, phenotypic variability, M2 selectionАпстракт
Gamma irradiation is an effective tool for generating genetic variability in grain legumes and expanding the breeding potential of elite cultivars. The aim of the present research was to develop and assess early-generation mutant populations of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) obtained by using gamma irradiation and to identify superior plants for advancement in a mutation-breeding program. A total of 6 000 dry seeds were treated with three gamma ray doses (80, 120 and 160 Gy). In the M1 generation, emergence, survival and fertility showed a clear reduction, with the highest values recorded at 80 Gy and the lowest at 160 Gy. Despite these declines, sufficient number of fertile plants per each dose were attained to maintain adequate population sizes for further selection. High survival (>90%) and fertility were observed in the M2 generation, indicating the stabilization of viable mutant lines following the elimination of lethal mutations in M1. Substantial phenotypic variability was recorded in M2 for flowering time, maturity, plant architecture, plant height, pod number, seed number per pod and disease response. Several plants exhibited superior agronomic performance compared with the original breeding line. Selection was conducted on an individual plant basis using yield components, plant vigor, architecture, fertility and reduced disease symptoms as criteria, and selected plants were advanced to the M3 generation using the pedigree method. The results demonstrate that gamma irradiation effectively generated useful genetic variability in dry bean. Moderate doses provided an optimal balance between variability and plant survival, whereas higher doses increased phenotypic diversity but also caused greater biological damage. The selected M3 lines represent valuable genetic resources for further evaluation in replicated trials and for use in breeding programs aimed at improving yield, stress tolerance and disease resistance.
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