MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN MACEDONIAN WHEAT GENOTYPES (Triticum aestivum L.)
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Published:
Dec 1, 2019
Keywords:
wheat, glutenins, HMW-GS, DNA markers, bread-making quality.
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Abstract
The main goal of this study was to characterize glutenin subunits with high molecular weight (HMW-GS) in Macedonian wheat genotypes by using DNA markers and to analyse the polymorphism of the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci, influencing wheat bread-making quality. Polymorphysm and allelic variations in the Glu-A1 loci were determined through characterization of Ax-null, Ax1 and Ax2* alleles, and in Glu-D1 loci through characterization of Dx2+Dy12 and Dx5+Dy10 alleles. Ax null, that has a negative influence on bread-making quality, was detected in 77.66% of the genotypes. The allelic pair Dx5+Dy10 was present in 68.09% of the genotypes. Only 8.51% of the analysed genotypes had the allele Ax1. According to the identified alleles in the Glu A1 and Glu D1 loci, the genotypes were grouped in two main clusters, 64 in the first and 30 genotypes in the second cluster. Both clusters consisted of three subclusters, comprising different number of genotypes. The most of the genotypes belonged to the subgroups 1a (presence of Dx5+Dy10) and 2a (presence of Dx2+Dy12). Genotypes in the 2a subgroup had Ах-null in Glu-A1 locus and Dx2+Dy12 in Glu-D1 locus, negatively influencing the wheat bread-making quality. These genotypes are not recommended to be used in a breeding program for improving wheat bread-making quality. Genotypes from the subgroups 1b and 1c possessed the alleles Аx2* and Ax1 in Glu-A1 locus and Dx5+Dy10 in Glu-D1 locus, indicating good bread-making quality. The superior breeding lines with improved quality, good agronomic characteristics and high yield have to be evaluated for their adaptability and stability. The lines with a complex of positive characteristics may be submitted for registration of new varieties. Further investigations of the material are needed for the other loci influencing the wheat bread-making quality.
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References
Ahmad M. 2000. Molecular marker-assisted selection of HMW glutenin alleles related to wheat bread quality by PCR-generated DNA markers. Theor App Genet. 101:892– 896.
Branlard G., Dardevet M. 1985. Diversity of grain proteins and bread wheat quality. I Correlation between gliadin bands and flour quality characteristics. J Cereal Sci. 3: 29-343
Buonocore, Francesco & Hickman, D. & Caporale, Carlo & Porceddu, Enrico & Lafiandra, Domenico & Tatham, Arthur & Shewry, P.. 1996. Characterisation of a Novel High M rGlutenin Subunit Encoded by Chromosome 1D of Bread Wheat. Journal of Cereal Science - J CEREAL SCI. 23. 55-60. 10.1006/jcrs.1996.0005.
Butow B.J., Ma W., Gale K.R., Cornish G.B., Rampling L., Larroque O., Morell M.K., Bekes F. 2003. Molecular discrimination of Bx7 alleles demonstrates that a highly expressed high molecular weight glutenin allele has a major impact on wheat flour dough strength. Theor Appl Genet 107:1524-1532
De Bustos A., Rubio P., Jouve N. 2000. Molecular Characterization of the inactive allele of the gene Glu-A1 and the development of a set of ASPCR markers for HMW glutenins of wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 100:1085–1094
De Bustos A., Rubio P., Soler C., Garcia P., Jouve N. 2001. Marker assisted selection to improve HMW-glutenins in wheat. Euphytica. 119:69-73.
Dice L.R. 1945. Measurement of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology, 26:297-302
Dubcovsky J., Dvorak J. 2007. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploidy wheat under domestication. Science, 316 (5833):1862-1866.
D'Ovidio R., Anderson O.D. 1994. PCR analysis to distinguish between alleles of a member of a multigene family correlated with bread making quality. Theor Appl Genet. 88:759- 763.
Dubcovsky Jorge and Jan Dvorak. 2007. Genome Plasticity a Key Factor in the Success of Polyploid Wheat Under Domestication. 316(5833): 1862-1866
Duveiller E., Singh R.P., Nicol J.M. 2007. The challenges of maintaining wheat productivity: pests, diseases, and potential epidemics. Euphytica. 157:417–430.
Dvorak J., Luo M.C., Akhunov E.D. 2011. N.I. Vavilov’s theory of centers of diversity in light of current understanding of wheat diversity, domestication and evolution. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 47, 2011 (Special Issue): S20–S27
FAO, Statistical Yearbook 2018.
Gale KR, Ma W, Zhang W, Rampling L, Hill AS, Appels R, Morris P, Morell M, In: Proc 10th Australian Wheat Breeding Assembly, Wheat Breeding Soc of Australia. Eastwood R, editor. 2001. Simple high-throughput DNA markers for genotyping in wheat; pp. 26–31.
Goutam U., Kukreja S., Tiwari R., Chaudhury A., Gupta R. K., Dholakia B.B., Yadav R. 2013. Biotechnological approaches for grain quality improvement in wheat: Present status and future possibilities. AJCS 7(4):469-483.
He, Z.H., Liu, L., Xia, X.C., Liu, J.J. and Peña, R.J. 2005, Composition of HMW and LMW Glutenin Subunits and Their Effects on Dough Properties, Pan Bread, and Noodle Quality of Chinese Bread Wheats. Cereal Chemistry, 82: 345-350. doi:10.1094/CC-82-0345
Hristov, Nikola & Mladenov, Novica & DJURIC, V. & Kondic-Spika, Ankica & Jeromela, Ana. (2010). Improvement of Wheat Quality in Cultivars Released in Serbia during the 20th Century. Cereal Research Communications. 38. 10.1556/CRC.37.2009.4.9.
Ishikawa G., Nakamura T. 2007. A new co-dominant PCR-based marker to identify the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit combination ‘‘5+10’’ of common wheat. Wheat Inf Serv 103:1–4.
Jackson E.A., Holt L.M., Payne P.I. 1983. Characterization of high molecular weight gliadin and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits of wheat endosperm by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the chromosomal location of their controlling genes. Theo Appl Genet. 66:29-37.
Kocourková Z., Bradová J., Kohutová Z., SlámováL., Vejl P., Horcicka P.2008. Wheatbreeding for the iImproved bread-making quality using PCR based markers of glutenins.CzechJ. Genet. Plant Breed. 44(3):105-113.
Kolster P., Van Eeuwijk F.A., Van Gelder W.M.J. 1991. Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variations at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci determining the bread making quality of breeding lines of wheat. Euphytica. 55:277-285.
Lafiandra D., Tucci G.F., Pavoni A., Turchetta T., Margiotta B. 1997. PCR analysis of x- and y-type genes present at the complex Glu-A1 locus in durum and bread wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 94:235–240.Lai et al., 2014
Lei Z.S., Gale K.R., He Z.H., Gianibelli C., Larroque O., Xia X.C., Butow B.J., Ma W. 2006. Y-type gene specific markers for enhanced discrimination of high-molecular weight glutenin alleles at the Glu-B1 locus in hexaploid wheat. J Cereal Sci. 43:94-101.
Liang D., Tang J.W., Pena R.J., Singh R., He X.Y., Shen X.Y., Yao D.N., Xia X.C., He Z.H. 2010. Characterization of CIMMYT bread wheats for high- and low-molecular weight glutenin subunits and other quality-related genes with SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC and molecular markers. Euphytica. 172:235–250.
Lindsay M.P., Skerritt J.H. 1999. Immunocytochemical Localization of Gluten Proteins Uncovers Structural Organization of Glutenin Macropolymer. Cereal Chemistry, 77(3):360-369.
Liu S., Chao S., Anderson J.A. 2008. New DNA markers for high molecular weight glutenin subunits in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. DOI 10.1007/s00122-008-0886-0.
Luo C., Griffin W.B., Branlard G., McNeil D.L. 2001. Comparison of low- and high molecular-weight wheat glutenin allele effects on flour quality. Theor Appl Genet. 2:1088-1098.
Ma W., Zhang W., Gale K.R. 2003. Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat. Euphytica. 134:51–60.
Nei M., Li W.H. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5269-5273.
Nieto-Taladriz M.T., Perretant M.R., Rousset M. 1994. Effect of gliadins and HMW and LMW subunits of glutenin on dough properties in the F6 recombinant inbred lines from a bread wheat cross. Theo Appl Genet. 88:81–88.
Obukhova L.V., Maystrenko O.I., Generalova G.V., Ermakova M.F., Popova R.K. 1997. Composition of HMW Glutenin subunits in common wheat substitution lines from cultivars with contrasting bread making qualities. Russian J Plant Genet. 33:1005-1009.
Payne P.I., Holt L.M., Law C.N. 1981. Structural and genetical studies on the high-molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin. Theor Appl Genet. 60:229–236.
Payne P.I., Law C.N., Mudd E.E. 1980. Control by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of the highmolecular-weight subunits of glutenin, a major protein of wheat endosperm. Theor Appl Genet 58:113-120.
Payne P.I., Nightingale M.A., Krattiger A.F., Holt L.M. 1987. The relationship between HMW glutenin subunit composition and the bread-making quality of British-grown wheat varieties. J Sci Food Agric. 40:51–65.
Ramírez-González R. H., P. Borrill, D. Lang, S. A. Harrington, J. Brinton, L. Venturini, M. Davey, J. Jacobs, F. Van Ex, A. Pasha, Y. Khedikar, S. J. Robinson, A. T. Cory, T. Florio, L. Concia, C. Juery, H. Schoonbeek, B. Steuernagel, D. Xiang, C. J. Ridout, B. Chalhoub, K. F. X. Mayer, M. Benhamed, D. Latrasse, A. Bendahmane, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, B. B. H. Wulff, R. Appels, V. Tiwari, R. Datla, F. Choulet, C. J. Pozniak, N. J. Provart, A. G. Sharpe, E. Paux, M. Spannagl, A. Bräutigam, C. Uauy. 2018. The transcriptional landscape of polyploid wheat. Science. 361(6403)
Radovanovic N., Cloutier S., Brown D., Humphreys D.G., Lukow O.M. 2002. Genetic variance for gluten strength contributed by high molecular weight glutenin proteins. Cereal Chem. Science. 79:843–849.
Rogers W.J., Payne P.I., Seekings J.A., Sayers E.J. 1991. Effect on bread-making quality of x-type and y-type high molecular weight subunits of glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 14:209- 221.
Rohlf F.J. 2005. NTSYS-pc: Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. Applied biostatistics inc; Setautec, NewYork.
Safner T. 2005. Upotreba doiminantnih biljega u analizi bioraznolikosti. Magistarski rad. Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Agronomski fakultet.
Sandeva Nadica. 2016. Molecular characterization of genes for quality traits in Macedonian wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.). Master thesis. Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. Faculty of Agricultural sciences and food. (in Macedonian).
Schwarz G., Felsenstein F.G., Wenzel G. 2004. Development and validation of a PCR-based marker assay for negative selection of the HMW glutenin allele Glu-B1-1d (Bx-6) in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 109:1064–1069.
Shewry P.R., Halford N.G., Belton P.S., Tatham A.S. 2002. The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 357, pp. 133–142.
Shewry P.R., Halford N.G., Tatham A.S. 1992. High molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 15:105–120.
Shitre A. S., S. Bakshi, D. A. Gadekar, A. P. Padhye, B. K. Das. 2016. Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of Wheat genotypes. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, ISSN 0975-928X. 2016. 282-290.
Singh N.K., Balyan H.S. 2009. Induced Mutations in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) CV. ‘Kharchia 65’ for Reduced Plant Height and Improved Grain Quality Traits.Advances in Biological Research, 3 (5-6): 215-221.
Singh N.K., Shepherd K.W., Cornish G.B. 1991. A simplified SDS-PAGE procedure for separating LMW subunits of glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 14:203-208.
Singh R., TiwariR., SharmaD., Tiwari V., SharmaI. 2014. Mutagenesis for wheat improvement in the genomics era.Journal of Wheat Research 6(2):120-125.
Smith R.L., Schweder M.E., Barnett R.D. 1994. Identification of glutenin alleles in wheat and triticale using PCR generated DNA markers. Crop Sci. 34:1373–1378.
Zhang L., Chen Q., Su M., Yan B., Zhang X., Jiao Z. 2016. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit-deficient mutants induced by ion beam and the effects of Glu-1 loci deletion on wheat quality properties. J Sci Food Agric. 96(4):1289-96. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7221.
Branlard G., Dardevet M. 1985. Diversity of grain proteins and bread wheat quality. I Correlation between gliadin bands and flour quality characteristics. J Cereal Sci. 3: 29-343
Buonocore, Francesco & Hickman, D. & Caporale, Carlo & Porceddu, Enrico & Lafiandra, Domenico & Tatham, Arthur & Shewry, P.. 1996. Characterisation of a Novel High M rGlutenin Subunit Encoded by Chromosome 1D of Bread Wheat. Journal of Cereal Science - J CEREAL SCI. 23. 55-60. 10.1006/jcrs.1996.0005.
Butow B.J., Ma W., Gale K.R., Cornish G.B., Rampling L., Larroque O., Morell M.K., Bekes F. 2003. Molecular discrimination of Bx7 alleles demonstrates that a highly expressed high molecular weight glutenin allele has a major impact on wheat flour dough strength. Theor Appl Genet 107:1524-1532
De Bustos A., Rubio P., Jouve N. 2000. Molecular Characterization of the inactive allele of the gene Glu-A1 and the development of a set of ASPCR markers for HMW glutenins of wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 100:1085–1094
De Bustos A., Rubio P., Soler C., Garcia P., Jouve N. 2001. Marker assisted selection to improve HMW-glutenins in wheat. Euphytica. 119:69-73.
Dice L.R. 1945. Measurement of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology, 26:297-302
Dubcovsky J., Dvorak J. 2007. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploidy wheat under domestication. Science, 316 (5833):1862-1866.
D'Ovidio R., Anderson O.D. 1994. PCR analysis to distinguish between alleles of a member of a multigene family correlated with bread making quality. Theor Appl Genet. 88:759- 763.
Dubcovsky Jorge and Jan Dvorak. 2007. Genome Plasticity a Key Factor in the Success of Polyploid Wheat Under Domestication. 316(5833): 1862-1866
Duveiller E., Singh R.P., Nicol J.M. 2007. The challenges of maintaining wheat productivity: pests, diseases, and potential epidemics. Euphytica. 157:417–430.
Dvorak J., Luo M.C., Akhunov E.D. 2011. N.I. Vavilov’s theory of centers of diversity in light of current understanding of wheat diversity, domestication and evolution. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 47, 2011 (Special Issue): S20–S27
FAO, Statistical Yearbook 2018.
Gale KR, Ma W, Zhang W, Rampling L, Hill AS, Appels R, Morris P, Morell M, In: Proc 10th Australian Wheat Breeding Assembly, Wheat Breeding Soc of Australia. Eastwood R, editor. 2001. Simple high-throughput DNA markers for genotyping in wheat; pp. 26–31.
Goutam U., Kukreja S., Tiwari R., Chaudhury A., Gupta R. K., Dholakia B.B., Yadav R. 2013. Biotechnological approaches for grain quality improvement in wheat: Present status and future possibilities. AJCS 7(4):469-483.
He, Z.H., Liu, L., Xia, X.C., Liu, J.J. and Peña, R.J. 2005, Composition of HMW and LMW Glutenin Subunits and Their Effects on Dough Properties, Pan Bread, and Noodle Quality of Chinese Bread Wheats. Cereal Chemistry, 82: 345-350. doi:10.1094/CC-82-0345
Hristov, Nikola & Mladenov, Novica & DJURIC, V. & Kondic-Spika, Ankica & Jeromela, Ana. (2010). Improvement of Wheat Quality in Cultivars Released in Serbia during the 20th Century. Cereal Research Communications. 38. 10.1556/CRC.37.2009.4.9.
Ishikawa G., Nakamura T. 2007. A new co-dominant PCR-based marker to identify the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit combination ‘‘5+10’’ of common wheat. Wheat Inf Serv 103:1–4.
Jackson E.A., Holt L.M., Payne P.I. 1983. Characterization of high molecular weight gliadin and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits of wheat endosperm by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the chromosomal location of their controlling genes. Theo Appl Genet. 66:29-37.
Kocourková Z., Bradová J., Kohutová Z., SlámováL., Vejl P., Horcicka P.2008. Wheatbreeding for the iImproved bread-making quality using PCR based markers of glutenins.CzechJ. Genet. Plant Breed. 44(3):105-113.
Kolster P., Van Eeuwijk F.A., Van Gelder W.M.J. 1991. Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variations at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci determining the bread making quality of breeding lines of wheat. Euphytica. 55:277-285.
Lafiandra D., Tucci G.F., Pavoni A., Turchetta T., Margiotta B. 1997. PCR analysis of x- and y-type genes present at the complex Glu-A1 locus in durum and bread wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 94:235–240.Lai et al., 2014
Lei Z.S., Gale K.R., He Z.H., Gianibelli C., Larroque O., Xia X.C., Butow B.J., Ma W. 2006. Y-type gene specific markers for enhanced discrimination of high-molecular weight glutenin alleles at the Glu-B1 locus in hexaploid wheat. J Cereal Sci. 43:94-101.
Liang D., Tang J.W., Pena R.J., Singh R., He X.Y., Shen X.Y., Yao D.N., Xia X.C., He Z.H. 2010. Characterization of CIMMYT bread wheats for high- and low-molecular weight glutenin subunits and other quality-related genes with SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC and molecular markers. Euphytica. 172:235–250.
Lindsay M.P., Skerritt J.H. 1999. Immunocytochemical Localization of Gluten Proteins Uncovers Structural Organization of Glutenin Macropolymer. Cereal Chemistry, 77(3):360-369.
Liu S., Chao S., Anderson J.A. 2008. New DNA markers for high molecular weight glutenin subunits in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. DOI 10.1007/s00122-008-0886-0.
Luo C., Griffin W.B., Branlard G., McNeil D.L. 2001. Comparison of low- and high molecular-weight wheat glutenin allele effects on flour quality. Theor Appl Genet. 2:1088-1098.
Ma W., Zhang W., Gale K.R. 2003. Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat. Euphytica. 134:51–60.
Nei M., Li W.H. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5269-5273.
Nieto-Taladriz M.T., Perretant M.R., Rousset M. 1994. Effect of gliadins and HMW and LMW subunits of glutenin on dough properties in the F6 recombinant inbred lines from a bread wheat cross. Theo Appl Genet. 88:81–88.
Obukhova L.V., Maystrenko O.I., Generalova G.V., Ermakova M.F., Popova R.K. 1997. Composition of HMW Glutenin subunits in common wheat substitution lines from cultivars with contrasting bread making qualities. Russian J Plant Genet. 33:1005-1009.
Payne P.I., Holt L.M., Law C.N. 1981. Structural and genetical studies on the high-molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin. Theor Appl Genet. 60:229–236.
Payne P.I., Law C.N., Mudd E.E. 1980. Control by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of the highmolecular-weight subunits of glutenin, a major protein of wheat endosperm. Theor Appl Genet 58:113-120.
Payne P.I., Nightingale M.A., Krattiger A.F., Holt L.M. 1987. The relationship between HMW glutenin subunit composition and the bread-making quality of British-grown wheat varieties. J Sci Food Agric. 40:51–65.
Ramírez-González R. H., P. Borrill, D. Lang, S. A. Harrington, J. Brinton, L. Venturini, M. Davey, J. Jacobs, F. Van Ex, A. Pasha, Y. Khedikar, S. J. Robinson, A. T. Cory, T. Florio, L. Concia, C. Juery, H. Schoonbeek, B. Steuernagel, D. Xiang, C. J. Ridout, B. Chalhoub, K. F. X. Mayer, M. Benhamed, D. Latrasse, A. Bendahmane, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, B. B. H. Wulff, R. Appels, V. Tiwari, R. Datla, F. Choulet, C. J. Pozniak, N. J. Provart, A. G. Sharpe, E. Paux, M. Spannagl, A. Bräutigam, C. Uauy. 2018. The transcriptional landscape of polyploid wheat. Science. 361(6403)
Radovanovic N., Cloutier S., Brown D., Humphreys D.G., Lukow O.M. 2002. Genetic variance for gluten strength contributed by high molecular weight glutenin proteins. Cereal Chem. Science. 79:843–849.
Rogers W.J., Payne P.I., Seekings J.A., Sayers E.J. 1991. Effect on bread-making quality of x-type and y-type high molecular weight subunits of glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 14:209- 221.
Rohlf F.J. 2005. NTSYS-pc: Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. Applied biostatistics inc; Setautec, NewYork.
Safner T. 2005. Upotreba doiminantnih biljega u analizi bioraznolikosti. Magistarski rad. Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Agronomski fakultet.
Sandeva Nadica. 2016. Molecular characterization of genes for quality traits in Macedonian wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.). Master thesis. Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. Faculty of Agricultural sciences and food. (in Macedonian).
Schwarz G., Felsenstein F.G., Wenzel G. 2004. Development and validation of a PCR-based marker assay for negative selection of the HMW glutenin allele Glu-B1-1d (Bx-6) in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 109:1064–1069.
Shewry P.R., Halford N.G., Belton P.S., Tatham A.S. 2002. The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 357, pp. 133–142.
Shewry P.R., Halford N.G., Tatham A.S. 1992. High molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 15:105–120.
Shitre A. S., S. Bakshi, D. A. Gadekar, A. P. Padhye, B. K. Das. 2016. Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of Wheat genotypes. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, ISSN 0975-928X. 2016. 282-290.
Singh N.K., Balyan H.S. 2009. Induced Mutations in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) CV. ‘Kharchia 65’ for Reduced Plant Height and Improved Grain Quality Traits.Advances in Biological Research, 3 (5-6): 215-221.
Singh N.K., Shepherd K.W., Cornish G.B. 1991. A simplified SDS-PAGE procedure for separating LMW subunits of glutenin. J Cereal Sci. 14:203-208.
Singh R., TiwariR., SharmaD., Tiwari V., SharmaI. 2014. Mutagenesis for wheat improvement in the genomics era.Journal of Wheat Research 6(2):120-125.
Smith R.L., Schweder M.E., Barnett R.D. 1994. Identification of glutenin alleles in wheat and triticale using PCR generated DNA markers. Crop Sci. 34:1373–1378.
Zhang L., Chen Q., Su M., Yan B., Zhang X., Jiao Z. 2016. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit-deficient mutants induced by ion beam and the effects of Glu-1 loci deletion on wheat quality properties. J Sci Food Agric. 96(4):1289-96. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7221.