Security Dialogues

GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF OPPOSING AND PROTECTING AGAINST SECURITY THREATS

Nebojša Bojanić — 2024-12-27

Security, as one of the fundamental values of social functioning and a key
subjective feeling of individuals within a society, is often the target of various attacks.
The feeling of insecurity can lead to the internal erosion of society and constant demands
to the relevant social control authorities to elevate security measures. However, overly
conspicuous actions and clearly visible measures can also undermine the feeling of security,
causing people to feel unsafe due to the omnipresence of high-tech cameras, notifications,
and law enforcement presence. This may indicateto individuals that something is “not right.”
The authors of this paper have presented specific preventive-repressive steps and measures
in the field of protection against threats. The primary requirement of the security system is
deterrence from attacks, which is the aim of preventive measures discussed in this paper.
By integrating all forms and types of protection, the degree of threat is reduced, and the
level of security is increased. Therefore, this paper presents elements of preventive reaction,
with a projection of integrating all subjects in preventing and eliminating security threats
in terms of maintaining everyday habitual activities. All the aforementioned is accompanied
by a discussion with arguments for and against certain measures, potential encroachments
on human rights, and the paper concludes with considerations and proposals for the most
effective actions.

MIGRATION IMPLICATIONS OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE ON BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Mirsad Buzar — 2024-12-27

Migrations, as a global contemporary phenomenon, take place as a result of various
“push-pull factors”, and can have many political, social, cultural or security implications.
However, we can state that it is mostly about voluntary migration, while on the other hand,
wars as a “push factor” of migration mostly cause forced migration. The war in Ukraine
triggered the largest migration movements in Europe after World War II, because according
to UNHCR data, 4.8 million refugees from Ukraine were registered for temporary protection
or similar programs in the European Union (EU). However, the question arises as to what
types of migrations the war in Ukraine triggered, were actually only Ukrainians moving, or as
a result of the war were movements of citizens of the Russian Federation recorded as well?
The purpose of this paper is to look at the approach of the EU to the war in Ukraine from
several different perspectives, the approach of the countries of the Western Balkans (WB),
as well as the approach of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The paper will present the scope
of the migration implications of the war in Ukraine on Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the
presentation of data on the entry, movement, stay and international protection of citizens
of Ukraine and citizens of the Russian Federation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special focus
will be on the analysis of the reasons for these migrations, and the approach to solving their
status will be considered.

GLOBAL SECURITY ISSUES: TACKLING MIGRATION AND REFUGEE CRISES

Filip Selamovski — 2024-12-27

Global security and migration are closely related to each other and mutually
influence the situation in the world. Migration can be both a cause and a consequence of
threats to global security. One of the main reasons for migration is instability and conflict
in countries, which can lead to security threats both within and outside the country.
Armed conflicts, terrorism, human rights violations, deteriorating economic situation and
environmental disasters can force people to leave their homes and seek a better life in other
countries. On the other hand, mass migration can cause tension in receiving countries, which
can lead to social and economic problems, as well as security threats. Illegal and uncontrolled
migration can contribute to crime, human trafficking and in some cases terrorist attacks.
From an economic perspective, migration may potentially lead to significant negative effects
such as increased unemployment among natives, increased shadow economy and may put
upward pressure on housing costs. To ensure global security, it is necessary to develop a
comprehensive approach to migration management that will consider the interests of all
parties. This includes strengthening international cooperation, tackling the root causes of
migration and ensuring sustainable development in source countries. Thus, the connection
between global security and migration highlights the need for joint efforts by countries and
international organizations to address the complex challenges posed by these phenomena.

THE POLICE AS THE PRIMARY GUARANTOR OF SECURITY IN THE STATE

Dragomir Jovičić — 2024-12-27

Security can be understood as one of the most important, or primary, human needs,
and it is closely related to other existential needs. Broadly interpreted, in modern society, it
can be said that the security implies order in society, i.e. a condition in which neither the state
nor its citizens are threatened by any danger. Achieving this condition requires adherence to
applicable laws and regulations, which essentially implies the functioning of the rule of law.
Since man became a conscious being, one of the key needs has been the need for a necessary
level of security. Consequently, since the birth of the state, people began to create specific
services (bodies) entrusted with important tasks of interest to the community (state) and
all its members. The most visible state body tasked with the role of ensuring security is the
police. Therefore, the police were created together with the state and since its inception, they
have been a body of coercion in the hands of the ruling elite, with the goal of maintaining the
concept of public order. Today, the level of security in society is shown statistically, i.e. through
the ratio between the number of crimes and misdemeanours (negative security incidents) and
the number of solved crimes and misdemeanours, i.e. it is reflected in the efficiency of state
bodies responsible for prevention and repression of all negative security phenomena. The
police are one of the most important state bodies for maintaining the necessary level of
security. However, the responsibility for the state of security in the country cannot solely rest
with the police. This responsibility must also extend to other state bodies, especially to those
responsible for dealing with cases referred to them by the police.

SECURITY MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE (NEXT GENERATION) INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM MODEL

Dragomir Jovičić — 2024-12-27

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of application of the
appropriate model for security management in contemporary security emergencies. Given
the complex nature of security situations and the involvement of multiple security actors i.e.
institutions in their management, it is essential to deliver an effective outcome and minimize
consequences and further escalation.
In the direction of descriptive elaboration, the models of the incident command system
and the incident command system of the next generation, which is the officially adopted
crisis management mechanism in the Republic of North Macedonia, are briefly defined
and presented. With their organizational hierarchy characteristicsfor human and material
resources designation, they counterpoise a common platform for real-time data sharing and
situational awareness.
North Macedonia has adapted the NICS system which is used to coordinate the national
all-hazards response within the context of civil-military cooperation in various security
circumstances. The NICS is developed on the Incident Command System developed by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency as a standardized approach to multifaceted incidents
for a coordinated response among different jurisdictions and entities.
The initial hypothesis in this paper refers to the premise that in a contemporary environment,
the implementation of the optimal security management model should include the dimension
of communication in the form of information and data sharing, coordination of the execution
of the decisions made, and a standardized approach to action. The independent variable
in addition to the hypothesis is that the application of an appropriate management model
aims to create a flexible response with unified action from multiple relevant institutions
from different domains of social activities and should standardize and coordinate the efforts
undertaken. The methodology applied for this research includes qualitative and quantitative data analysis
from relevant primary and secondary sources extracted from field simulation and empirical
examples, deductive argumentation, comparison method, retrospective review and forecasting
conclusions.

RESILIENCE BUILDING AGAINST CYBER INSECURITIES IN THE BALTICS

Öncel Sençerman — 2024-12-27

The Global Risk Report of the World Economic Forum has been defining cyber
insecurity as one of the severe global risks since 2023. The Global Risk Report 2024 ranked
cyber insecurity as the eight global risk by severity over a ten-years-period. The peaceful
environment the cyberspace had provided for almost two decades ended with the release of
the Morris Worm, the first harmful malware, in 1988. Since then cyber threats and cyberattacks have been posing serious dangers to national security. The cyber-attacks on Estonia
in 2007 owing to the Bronze Soldier event are considered as an important milestone in
cybersecurity studies. These were followed by the cyber-attacks on Georgia in 2008 and on
Iran in 2010, which created a serious need for cyber policies, actions, strategies and norms
at national and international level like the efforts of the UN, NATO and OECD to overcome
the unwanted results of the cyber domain. This study will deal with the Baltic states’ cyber
capabilities, cyber capacity building, security concerns and cybersecurity challenges from the
perspective of small states’ security considering the latest developments in Eastern Europe
since 2022, the fast advancements in information technology and artificial intelligence. The
study will be a desk research focusing on the national strategies, policies and action plans
of the Baltic states to fight with the insecurities of cyberspace by using case study analysis
as a research method. This study aims to shed light on the vulnerabilities and resilience of
the Baltic states facing with cyber insecurities. The scholarship will contribute into Baltic and
cyber security studies.

“TOO MANY COOKS IN THE KITCHEN? EU-NATO OVERLAP IN SAFEGUARDING EUROPEAN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE POST - 2022”

Dimitar Dimitrov Atanasov — 2024-12-27

Until 2022, European citizens had not faced any direct physical threat to their
Critical Energy Infrastructure (CEI) for generations. However, in September of that year,
everything changed with the sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, which connected
Germany to Russia. The research begins from this period due to the significance of both
the year and the event. That year saw the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, introducing a
new (in)security landscape for Europe. The event was also unprecedented, emphasizing the
importance of this starting point. This shifted CEI protection to a top priority for both the
EU and NATO, prompting action from both international organizations to prevent similar
incidents in the future. However, the October 2023 Balticconnector incident — damage to an
underwater gas pipeline and communication cable between Finland and Estonia — revealed
inefficiencies in the synergy between NATO and the EU regarding CEI protection. This raised
the research question: is there any overlap between the two organizations in CEI protection,
and if so, in which areas?
Through an in-depth case study using the analytical tool of organizational overlap, it was
found that there is significant overlap between the EU and NATO in their efforts to protect
European CEI, particularly in the areas of division of labor and mandate. The study examined
their strategies, discourse, methods, and intentions, concluding that coordination remains
insufficient. Although steps have been taken to address the issue—such as the creation
of the EU-NATO Task Force on CEI resilience and the “Coherent Resilience 2023 Baltic”
tabletop exercise—progress in 2024 remains limited, leaving much to be desired from both
organizations in this field.

UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION ON SREBRENICA GENOCIDE,SOLUTION OR DISSOLUTION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA?

Zlatan Bajramović — 2024-12-27

The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts Resolution on Srebrenica
Genocide on 23 May 2024, designating 11 July as the „International Day of Reflection and
Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica“. The Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide
was adopted by a vote of 84 in favour to 19 against, with 68 abstentions. One of the objectives
of adopting the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide is to condemne any denial of Srebrenica
genocide and actions that glorify those convicted of war crimes, crimes against humanity
and genocide by international courts. The adoption of the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide
resonates in the region of the Western Balkans, but also far beyond its borders. Part of
the statements that preceded the adoption of the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide and
that appeared in public after its adoption may exacerbate tensions, and even existence
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Aim of this paper is to analyze the statements and narratives
relate to Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide and put it in the context of the current political
and security situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Does the adoption of the Resolution on
Srebrenica Genocide lead to further reconciliation of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina?
Will there be a review of the conflicts of the last century in Western Balkan region after this?

THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE IS FERTILE GROUND FOR TERRORIST RADICALIZATION

Selmin Nesimoski — 2024-12-27

The article deals with broadening the view of terrorist radicalization, starting from
the causes that lead to terrorist radicalization, through social media as a friend of terrorist
propaganda distribution, and up to the migration to the dark side of the Internet. The current
global landscape is affected by multiple recent crises and largely with high uncertainty,
this combined with overall hyper-connectivity is a fertile ground for terrorist radicalization.
The impact that terrorists have is due to the spread of their narrative through the media,
distributing propaganda material that is easily accessible to all. This material remains
available and a potential risk for the spread of new recruits. The online environment is a key
medium for terrorist propaganda where law enforcement agencies are forced to take deeper
steps to deal with disinformation and propaganda spread by terrorist organizations, which in
turn forces terrorists to change their structure and modus operandi.

ANALYSIS OF WARFIGHTING FUNCTIONS– THE UKRAINIAN COUNTEROFFENSIVE IN CONTEXT

Nenad Taneski — 2024-12-27

This paper provides a detailed analysis ofwarfighting functions during the counteroffensive of the Ukrainian forces against Russian forces, as well as the efficiencyof warfighting
functions, which has a significant impact on the results of the war. It will cover the period
from the start of the counter-offensive of the Ukrainian forces, from June 2023, when some
victories were recorded by the Ukrainian forces.
Through the analysis and processing of confidential and already available information from
social networks, media and the Washington Post, and in accordance with the comparison
with the US doctrine, a special emphasis was placed on one of the warfighting functions in
Ukrainian counter-offensive, that is, the system for combat service support.The method of
analyses and synthesis was used to summarize the results and arrive at the conclusion.
Hence it is confirmed that in terms of the organization and implementation of the combat
service support warfighting function, the Ukrainian forces have failed to meet the right
requirements in the right place and at the right time. The main culprit in all of this is the lack
of sufficient time for preparation and training of personnel for different models of the same
type of assets that were donated by Western countries during the war, as well as the rejection
of US military officials’ advice to use frontal attack along one axis.