The Journal Security Dialogues (SD) is particularly interested in papers that link domestic and international political issues and developments with national and regional security concerns and implications. Security is understood both in its traditional (e.g., interstate wars and conflict, weapons proliferation, military modernization, alliance building, defence and foreign policy, arms control, etc.) and non-traditional (e.g., weak states, civil wars, insurgency movements, ethnic violence, economic crisis, social conflicts, democratic change, transnational terrorism, piracy, human security, etc.) senses.
Филозофски факултет - Скопје/ Faculty of Philosophy - Skopje
MODERN COMPANIES THROUGH THE PRISM OF A MODERN SECURITY CONCEPT
In today’s conditions of rapid technological progress and the increasingly emphasized need to monitor modern business, it becomes practically unimaginable without an adequate security concept, which will guarantee dealing with a large number of threats, risks and dangers. Threats aimed at companies and especially those that belong to the group of critical infrastructures as one of the most dangerous threats, but also the large number of security threats caused by social deviations, pandemics, natural disasters, technical-technological breakdowns, human errors, technical deficiencies, not the appropriate education etc. they are also slowly changing the concepts of company security. On the other hand, if we take into account the complexity and dynamic development of the information sector, which is so complex from the point of view of identifying threats and weaknesses. Hence, the strategy of every serious company in the security segment should be built on the basis of the basic principles for dealing with threats, dangers and risks, which implies a wider obligation, first of all, of the management, but also of all stakeholders in the security system. It represents a complex structure of mutual relations and processes that penetrates into the sphere of multidisciplinary application of a large number of experts. Following business interests on the one hand and the possible direct negative impact on security on the other, which can lead to a fatal outcome on the profitability and sustainability of the company’s core business but also on the wider social interest, undoubtedly requires a systematic approach by all management levels. At the same time, it represents a permanent upgrade of work programs and procedures, the role of company intelligence, the development and application of advanced security equipment for protection, etc. Therefore, security departments and educated personnel need to be focused on multiple fields of the security system. Following the positive practices of a large number of successful companies, this paper will present models for improving the security of the protected object through the implementation of several aspects: regulatory, organizational, structural, technical, etc., with a tendency to offer certain solutions and practical solutions that would improve and advance the existing security system of a modern company. References • Alceski, G., Tuntev, T. (2021): Airports as critical infrastructure - Ohrid. • Bakreski, O., Trivan, D., Mitevski, S. (2012): Corporate security system, Skopje. • Cakesq, Z., Dimitrijevic, I., Šekarić, N. (2018): Corporate Security Curriculum Vitae University of Belgrade - Faculty of Security - Belgrade 2018. • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 • Gareth R. Jones (Texas A&M University), Jennifer M. George (Rice University) McGrew/Irwin 2008 - Contemporary Management ISBN 978-608-4522-00-3. • GREEN PAPER ON A EUROPEAN PROGRAM FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION Brussels, 17.11.2005 COM(2005) 576 final • Stallings William, Network and Internetwork Security – Principles and practices, Prentice Hall, Englewood Colleges, New Jersey 1995d. • https://www.iata.org/en/publications/store/emergency-response-handbook/ • https://www.icao.int/sustainability/ERP/Pages/industry-erpguidance.aspx • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uJJ68SO9kYRxRMN4swssQlQoBvdn738F/view • https://store.aci.aero/product/emergency-preparedness-and-contingencyplanning-handbook-first-edition-2014/ • https://blogs.imf.org/2022/03/15/how-war-in-ukraine-is-reverberating-acrossworlds-regions/ • https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf • https://www.dhs.gov/information-technology-sector, Retrieved 10/24/2015. • https://www.icao.int/Security/Security-Culture/Pages/default.aspx • https://www.zurich.com/en/knowledge/topics/global-risks/four-ways-conflict-inukraine-will-change-approach-to-risk-management
EVIDENCE-BASED AND INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING IN SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS CONTROL IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA – A Review of the National strategy for SALW control in accordance with the National action plan 2022–2024
The purpose of this paper is to present the efforts and commitment of the Republic of North Macedonia in the joint contribution toward peace and security, as stated in the Sofia Declaration from 2018 and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, specifically in relation to the 16th of the sustainable development goals committed to peace, justice and strong institutions. The paper elaborates the prescribed activities for control of small arms and light weapons (SALW), emphasizing the Action plan from the National Strategy for Small Arms and Light Weapons control of the Republic of North Macedonia 2022–2024, with the method of qualitative and quantitative review of the Goal 2 of the Strategy regarding the evidence-based and intelligence led policies and practices for SALW control. The findings in this paper emphasize the observations of the declarative efforts, in particular in sub-goals 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 of the same Strategy, referring to their operationalization. Through analysis of the implementation of relevant legislation and institutional practices for the prevention of the misuse of SALW, monitoring of crime related to SALW, improving national capacities and institutionalizing the analysis of firearms data with the introduction of the mandatory operational information framework, providing exchange of operational and strategic information, data, intelligence products, as well as evidence material, conduction of impact studies and operationalization and linkage with the national contact weapons point, thereby contributing to enhanced stability, security and development in Southeast and Eastern Europe. The limitations of this paper are the lack of nationally available data for the successfulness of the implementation of the Strategy. References • Alpers, P., & Wilson, M. (2022). Macedonia – Gun facts, figures and the law. The University of Sydney. https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/macedonia • Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia. (2003). Nacionalna koncepcija za bezbednost i odbrana [National conception for security and defence]. https://mod.gov.mk/storage/2021/06/Nacionalna-koncepcija-za-bezbednost-i-odbrana-1.pdf • Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia. (2023). Komisijata za odbrana i bezbednost na regionalen sostanok na visoko nivo za malo i lesno pružje [Defenceand security commission at a regional high-level meeting on small arms and light weapons]. https://www.sobranie.mk/ns-newsarticle-komisijata-za-odbrana-ibezbednost-na-regionalen-sostanok-na-visoko-nivo-za-malo-i-lesno-oruzje.nspx • Bakreski, O., Gjurovski, M., & Bardjieva, M. L. (2021). Javna i privatna bezbednost – Koordinacija i sorabotka [Public and private security – Coordination and cooperation]. Komora na RSM za prvatna bezbednost. • Bieniek M., & Mazur, S. (2012) National and international security in contemporary changing reality. Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University. https://repozytorium.ka.edu.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/5d1736c8-2e04-469d-b2eb2cac65e12e66/content • Boutwell J., & Klare M. T. (1999). Light weapons and civil conflict: controlling the tools of violence. Rowman & Littlefield. • Carter, D. L. & Carter, J. G. (2009). Intelligence-led policing: Conceptual considerations for public policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20(3), 310-325. • Commission Directive 2008/43/EC of 4 April 2008 setting up, pursuant to Council Directive 93/15/EEC, a system for the identification and traceability of explosives for civil uses. (2008). Official Journal of the European Union, (94/8). • Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment. (2008). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/compos/2008/944/oj • Council of the European Union. (1993). Council Directive 93/15/EEC of 5 April 1993 on the harmonization of the provisions relating to the placing on the market and supervision of explosives for civil uses. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A31993L0015 • Decision on the formation of the national commission for small and light weapons. (2007, 2019). Official gazette, (58/07, 177/19). • Defence Law. (2001, 2003). Official gazette, (42/01, 5/03). • Den Heyer, G. (2022) Evidence-based policing : use benefits and limitations. Springer. • Directive (EU) 2017/853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 017 amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons. (2017). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2017/853/oj • European Commission. (2022). North Macedonia 2022 report. Accompanying the document: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2022 Communication on EU Enlargement policy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022SC0337 • European Parliament. Directive 2008/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons. (2008). Official Journal of the European Union, (179/5). • European Parliament. Directive 2013/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of pyrotechnic articles (recast). (2013). Official Journal of the European Union, (178/27). • Global Public Policy Institute. (2023). Evaluation of the Roadmap 2024 for the control of small arms and light weapons in the Western Balkans. https://www.gppi.net/project/evaluation-of-the-roadmap-2024 • Law on protection against explosive materials. (2017). Official gazette, (294/17). • Law on Traffic of Explosive Substances. (2021). Official gazette, (294/21). • Ministry of Interior Affairs. (2023). Summary analysis of total crime by regions and sectors in comparison from 2010 to 2022 in the Republic of North Macedonia. https://mvr.gov.mk/analiza/kriminal/31 • Minsterstvo za vnatrešni raboti. (2023). Godišen izveštaj 2022 [Annual report 2022]. https://mvr.gov.mk/Upload/Editor_Upload/Godisen%20 izvestaj/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98_2022_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%A0.pdf • MK-Final-Revised-Strategy-on-SALW-and-AP-2019 SEESAC PDF (www.seesac.org) • National small arms and light weapons (SALW) control strategy and action plan 2017–2021 (revised version). (2018). https://www.seesac.org/f/docs/the-formerYugoslav-Republic-of-Macedonia/NMK-Strategy-ENG.pdf • North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2023). Small arms and light weapons (SALW) and mine action (MA). https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52142.htm • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2022). Western Balkan summit 2022 of the Berlin process. https://t4.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/western-balkan-summit-2022-berlin-process.htm • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2000). OSCE document on small arms and light weapons. https://www.osce.org/fsc/20783 • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2017). Decision No. 10/17 small arms and light weapons and stockpiles of conventional ammunition. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/4/361581.pdf • Pavleski, A. (2010) REGIONAL COOPERATION AS A FACTOR OF CONFLICT PREVENTION IN WESTERN BALKAN Security Dialogues chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://sd.fzf.ukim.edu.mk/pdf/BD1_WEB.pdf • Santoro, D. (2005). Defining proliferation: Past and present perspectives. AQ: Australian Quarterly, 77(2), 28–40. doi:10.2307/20638328 • SEESAC NATIONAL SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS (SALW) CONTROL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2017 - 2021 (REVISED VERSION) MK-Final-RevisedStrategy-on-SALW-and-AP-2019 PDF (www.seesac.org) • Sherman, L. W. (1998) Evidence-Based Policing. Police Foundation. (www.policinginstitute.org) • Sherman, L. W., & Murray, A. (2015). Evidence-Based Policing: From Academics to Professionals. International Criminal Justice Review, 25(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567715576174 • Small Arms and Light Weapons. Selected United Nations Documents 2008 Edition. • Small Arms Survey. (2023). https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/ • Smith, A. [Ed.] (1997) International Perspectives on Policing in the 21st Century International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts, Inc. Criminal Intelligence Directorate Royal Canadian Mounted Police www.ialeia.org • United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. (2018). International tracing document: examining options to support. https://unidir.org/files/publication/pdfs/the-international-tracing-instrument-examining-options-to-supportoperationalization-en-712.pdf • United Nations MPTF Office Partners Gateway. (2023). Western Balkans SALW control roadmap MPTF: Combating the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in the Western Balkans. https://mptf.undp.org/fund/slw00 • United Nations North Macedonia. (2022a). Cross-border integrated institutional approach towards combating illicit arms trafficking (IAT) and small arms and light weapons (SALW). https://northmacedonia.un.org/en/188806-cross-borderintegrated-institutional-approach-towards-combating-illicit-arms-trafficking • United Nations North Macedonia. (2022b). Trainings on the functionalities of the new police information system. https://northmacedonia.un.org/en/174547-trainings-functionalities-new-police-information-system • United Nations Security Council. (2021). Rapid spread of small arms, light weapons still threatening world peace, exacerbating plight of civilians in conflict zones, disarmament chief tells Security Council. https://press.un.org/en/2021/sc14656.doc.htm • United Nations Security Council. (2023). Threats to international peace and security - Security Council, 9364th meeting. https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k10qe57xan • United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (2022). Republic of North Macedonia. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/macedonia • United Nations. (2001a). Programme of action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. https://www.weaponslaw.org/assets/downloads/2001_UNPoA_on_SALW.pdf • United Nations. (2008). Small arms and light weapons: Selected United Nations documents. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. • United Nations. (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals report 2022. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/ • Welsh B., Zane N. S., Mears D. P. (2024) The Oxford Handbook of Evidence-Based Crime and Justice Policy. 2024. New York NY: Oxford University Press. • Western Balkans SALW Control Roadmap MPTF. (2020). https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/MKD/UNDP%20KS-NMK%20Project%20Document_Final.docx.pdf
SECURITY RISKS OF LANDMINES AND EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Various security risks have persisted in Bosnia and Herzegovina even after the cessation of the armed conflict. Mines and explosive remnants of war continue to constitute a significant source of security threats to both the population and the environment. The loss of human lives, the infliction of severe bodily injuries, the inability to utilize agricultural land, the deterioration of soil quality, and the degradation of groundwater represent some of the adverse consequences of the presence of mines and explosive ordnance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The absence of comprehensive documentation regarding mines, coupled with persistent financial constraints, further complicates and delays the process of land decontamination. References • Akhgari F., Fattahi H., Oskoei Y. M. (2015) Recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of trace nitroaromatic explosives. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical Vol. 221, 867–878. • Berhe A. A. (2000) Landmines and land degradation: A Regional Political Ecology Perspective On The Impacts Of Landmines On Environment And Development In The Developing World. Masters Paper. Michigan State University. • BHMAC (2024) Plan deminiranja u BiH za 2024. godinu. chrome-extension: //efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.bhmac.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Plan-deminiranja-u-BiH-za-2024-Prijedlog.pdf (приступљено 01.09.2025.) • BHMAC (2025) Minska situacija, https://www.bhmac.org/trenutna-minskasituacija-plan-izvjestaj/ (приступљено 03.09.2025.) • BHMAC (2017), Стратегија Противминског Дјеловања Босне и Херцеговине 2018-2025, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.bhmac.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Strategija-Protivminskog-djelovanja-uBiH-2018-2025-1.pdf (приступљено 10.08.2025.) • Friends of the Earth Flanders & Brussels. (2007) Landmines in Bosnia and Herzegovina, chrome extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://atlas.geog.pmf.hr/~nbuzjak/mine/BHMAC_en.pdf (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • GICHD (2021) Guide to Explosive Ordnance Pollution of the Environment.chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.gichd.org/fileadmin/ uploads/gichd/Publications/EO_Pollution_of_the_Environment_v17_web_01.pdf (приступљено 12.08.2025.) • GICHD, UNDP (2022) Rezultati protivminskog djelovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini u kontekstu održivog razvoja”. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https: //www.gichd.org/fileadmin/uploads/gichd/Publications/Rezultati_protivminskog_djelovanja_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini_u_kontekstu_odrzivog_razvoja.pdf. • Khan M. I., Lee J., Park J. (2012) Microbial Degradation and Toxicity of Hexahydro1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol Vol. 22, no. 10, 1311–1323. • Lalić В., Ćeranić P., Baškalo D. (2023) A radioactive waste repository in the borderarea between the Republic of Croatia and BiH: Human security perspective. Security Dialogues Vol. 14, 115–134. • Мићин S., Малиновић B. (2023) Инжењерство експлозива и експлозивних материја. Бања Лука, Универзитет у Бањој Луци, Факултет безбједносних наука. • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2024, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2023, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2022, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2021, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2020, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Mine Action Review, Clearing the Mines 2019, https://www.mineactionreview.org/ (приступљено 27.08.2025.) • Nachon C.T. (2004) The environmental impacts of landmines https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292482972_The_environmental_impacts_of_landmines • Saračević L., Mihalj A., Samek D., Gradaščević N., Zovko E. (2003) Osiromašeniji uranijum u BiH. V. simpozij HDZZ Stubičke Toplice 2, 302-309. • Taylor S., Lever J. H., Fadden J., Perron N., Packer B. (2009) Outdoor weathering and dissolution of TNT and Tritonal. Chemosphere Vol. 77, 1338–1345. • Tucker W. A., Murphy G. J., Arenberg E. D. (2002) Adsorption of RDX to Soil with Low Organic Carbon: Laboratory Results, Field Observations, Remedial Implication. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, Vol. 11, 809–826. • Ћеранић П., Башкало Д. (2019) Еколошка безбједност Босне и Херцеговине. Полиција, безбједност, грађани, 2/2019, 25–45. • US EPA. (2014) Technical Fact Sheet – 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). https://www. epa.gov/sites/production/files/201403/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_ tnt_january2014_final.pdf. 15. 6. 2024. • UNHCR (1998) UNHCR to clear land mines in Bosnia and Herzegovina. https://www.unhcr.org/news/news-releases/unhcr-clear-land-mines-bosnia-and-herzegovina. (приступљено 01.08.2025).
NEW CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES IN AVIATION INDUSTRY
The increased usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into the mechanical devices in manner of normal everyday use within the aviation industry raised the concerns about cybersecurity. The extent of common flaws and vulnerabilities in the software tools that power these systems grows as their level of integration increases. Moreover, these concerns are becoming even more acute as the implementation of modern electronic smart devices on aircraft and airports in the aviation industry is increasing. The data on cyber-attacks and threats to air traffic security over the past twenty years can help identify, map and analyze trends and insights that are important to maintaining the security and resilience of aviation systems. The main objective is to identify the subjects of the common threat, their motivations, types of attacks and mapping the vulnerabilities of those elements of the aviation critical infrastructure, which are most often the subject of constant attack campaigns. Such analyzes should enable improved understanding both the current and potential future challenges to cybersecurity protection in the aviation sector. The main threats to the industry come from Advance Persistent Threat (APT) groups, which in cooperation with certain criminal structures and state intelligence institutions, steal intellectual property data in order to advance their own national aviation capabilities, as well as to monitor, to infiltrate and undermine the capabilities of other sovereign nations. The most commonly attacked segment of the aviation industry is the information technology (IT) infrastructure, while the most prominent type of attack is malicious hacking with the intention of gaining unauthorized access to confidential and sensitive information. Analysis of the range of attacked platforms and existing threat dynamics is used as a basis for predicting future cyber-attacks trends. Insights arising from the review should support future definition and implementation of proactive measures that protect aviation critical infrastructures from cyber-incidents that erode customer confidence in a key service-oriented industry. References • Cyber Risk International. Cyber Threats to the Aviation Industry. Cyber Risk International, Dublin, Ireland, 2020. • Elochukwu Ukwandu, Mohamed Amine Ben-Farah, Hanan Hindy, Miroslav Bures, Robert Atkinson, Christos Tachtatzis, Ivan Andonovic, Xavier Bellekens. Cyber-Security Challenges in Aviation Industry: A Review of Current and Future Trends. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2022. • IATA – International Air Transport Association. Compilation of Cyber Security Regulations, Standards and Guidance Applicable to Civil Aviation. IATA, Montreal, Canada, 2020. • ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization. Security and Facilitation Strategic Objective: Aviation Cybersecurity Strategy. ICAO, Montreal, Canada, 2019. • ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization. Cybersecurity Culture in Civil Aviation. ICAO, Montreal, Canada, 2022. • Jose Monteagudo. Aviation Cybersecurity – High Level Analysis, Major Challenges and Where the Industry Is Heading. Cyber Startup Observatory, Global Internet Platform, 2020. • Pierluigi Paganini. Cryptocurrency Miners Infected More than 50% of the European Airport Workstations. Cyber Defense Magazine, Cyber Defense Media Group, Washington DC, USA, 2019.
information and communication technology
TERRORIST ATTACKS - OBJECTIVES, CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF EXECUTION
There is probably no greater security challenge for security services than a terrorist attack. Terrorist attacks are always politically motivated. When the prosecutor opts for the qualification of a criminal act that left behind human victims and destruction, if he discovers a political (ideological) motive, there is no dilemma - it is a terrorist act. The goals of the terrorist cells are clear: using violence to instill fear and panic among citizens and government structures, all in order to achieve political concessions. No one is safe or protected - is the basic message of terrorists. The topic of the work will be terrorist organizations and the method of carrying out a terrorist act. Is it still a suicide vest, a Kalashnikov, explosives, or do you reach for a simpler tool (knife, axe, truck)? The objectives, characteristics and methods of carrying out terrorist attacks are becoming diverse. In any case, the consequences of terrorism are terrifying, primarily in terms of loss of human life. References • Ćeranic, P. 2020. Security policy - Opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Banja Luka: Faculty of Security Sciences, University of Banja Luka. • DeLuca , M. A.; Chai , P. R.; Goralnick , E.; Erickson , T. B. 2020. Five Decades of Global Chemical Terror Attacks: Data Analysis to Inform Training and Preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep., 15(6), p. 750–761. • Eidus, F. 2012. International security: theories, sectors and levels. Belgrade: Official Gazette and Belgrade Center for Security Policy. • Gaćinović, R. 1998. Contemporary terrorism. Belgrade: Grafomark. • Gaćinović, R. 2010. Terrorism in Political and Legal Theory . Belgrade: Euro-Giunti. • Nuhić, M. 2009. The treatment of religious extremism in the international law of armed conflicts with special reference to Islamic fundamentalism. Master’s thesis. Bjeljina: Slobomir P University, Bijeljina. • Potežica, O. 2007. Wahhabis - Between truth and prejudice. Belgrade: F. Višnjić. • Putnik, N. 2009. Cyberspace and Security Challenges. Belgrade: University of Belgrade - Faculty of Security. • Schmid, A. , Jongman, A. 1988. Political terrorism. A New Guide to Actors Authors, Concepts, Databases, Theories, and Literature. Amsterdam: Norton Holland Publishing Co. • Simeunović, D. 2009. Terrorism . Belgrade: Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. • Stajić, Lj. 2006. Basics of security. Belgrade: Draganić. • Šikman, M. 2015. Current Terrorism Threat and Response Framework. Security, police, citizens, 9 (3-4/15), p. 5-24. • Šikman, M. 2021. Terrorism - Legal framework and case law. Banja Luka: Faculty of Security Sciences, University of Banja Luka. • Tin, D.; Sabeti, P.; Ciottone , G. R. 2022. Bioterrorism: An analysis of biological agents used in terrorist events , The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 54, pp. 117-121. • Wirz, Ch.; Egger, E. 2005. Use of nuclear and radiological weapons by terrorists? . International review of the Red Cross, 87 (859), p. 497-510.
ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITIES OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE AGE OF HYBRID THREATS
The protection of critical infrastructure is vital to the stability and security of modern societies and is a cornerstone of national and international security. As the threat landscape evolves, traditional security measures are increasingly insufficient to address the emerging complexity of hybrid threats. These threats, which combine elements of conventional, irregular, and cyber warfare, pose significant challenges to the resilience of critical infrastructure systems. This paper explores the vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure in the context of hybrid threats, examining the physical, cyber, and organizational risks that compromise the integrity of essential systems such as energy, transportation, communications, water and health. Through case studies, including cyberattacks on critical infrastructure systems and terrorist extremism on oil fields, the paper highlights the multifaceted nature of these threats and their potential cascading effects globally across interconnected infrastructure sectors. The paper concludes by exploring strategies for assessing these vulnerabilities, highlighting the importance of integrated cybersecurity measures and physical security improvements, with an emphasis on unified action by countries and proactive strategies to safeguard critical infrastructure in an increasingly complex hybrid threat environment. References • Ahmed, S. I. (2019). Oil soars after attack on Saudi facilities, stocks dip. Reuters. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://www.reuters.com/article/business/oil-soarsafter-attack-on-saudi-facilities-stocks-dip-idUSKBN1W00WA/ • Army Recognition. (2024). Saudi Arabia reveals integration of six advanced air defense systems to counter modern threats. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/saudi-arabia-revealsintegration-of-six-advanced-air-defense-systems-to counter-modern-threats • BBC News. (2019). Saudi oil attacks: Drones and missiles launched from Iran –US. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middleeast-49733558 • BBC News. (2021). Hacker tried to poison Florida city’s water supply. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55989843 • BBC News. (2024, April 8). Mozambique ferry disaster kills more than 90 – officials. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68758345 • Brucato, A. (2022). KillNet cyber attacks against Italy and NATO countries. Sysdig. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://www.sysdig.com/blog/killnet-italy-and-nato • Council of the European Union. (n.d.). Hybrid threats. 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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Protect EU: A European Internal Security Strategy (COM(2025) 148 final). Retrieved July 2025, from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52025DC0148& • European Parliament. (2025). Report on the security of energy supply in the EU (2025/2055(INI)). Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-10-2025-0121_EN.html • European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). (2023). ENISA Threat Landscape 2023. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/ENISA%20Threat%20Landscape%202023.pdf • Goodin, D. (2022). Pro-Russia threat group KillNet is pummeling Lithuania with DDoS attacks. Ars Technica. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/06/pro-russia-threat-group-killnet-is-pummelinglithuania-with-ddos-attacks/ • Hodge, A. T. (2002). Roman aqueducts & water supply (2nd ed.). London: Duckworth. Retrieved May 2025, from: https://archive.org/details/t.-hodge-roman-aqueductsand-water-supply-2002-compressed • Lee, Assante and Conway, E-ISAC. (2016). Analysis of the Cyber Attack on the Ukrainian Power Grid. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3891751/SANS-and-Electricity-Information-Sharing-and.pdfv • NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. (n.d.). Locked Shields. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://ccdcoe.org/locked-shields/ • NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. (2023). World’s largest cyber defense exercise Locked Shields brings together over 3,000 participants. Retrieved July2025, from: https://ccdcoe.org/news/2023/6016/ • NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg. (2019). NATO concerned by attacks on Saudi oil facilities [Press statement]. NATO Watch. Retrieved June 2025, from: https://natowatch.org/newsbriefs/2019/nato-concerned-attacks-saudi-oil-facilities • North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (n.d.). Hybrid Warfare: Reports. NATO Library Guides. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://natolibguides.info/hybridwarfare/reports • North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2023). Resilience and civil preparedness in NATO. NATO. Retrieved July 2025, from: https://www.act.nato.int/article/resilience-andcivil-preparedness-in-nato/ • Nye, J. S. Jr. (2016). Deterrence and dissuasion in cyberspace. International Security, 41(3), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00266. Retrieved May 15, 2025, from: https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/pantheon_files/files/ publication/isec_a_00266.pdf • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2013). OSCE guidebook on critical infrastructure protection. 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THE UKRAINIAN STATE UNDER PRESSURE: A CLASH OF INTERESTS BETWEEN THE WEST AND RUSSIA
This paper examines Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and its struggle for sovereignty in the context of the conflict between the West and Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine faced serious political, economic, and security challenges, culminating in several significant events: the Orange Revolution (2004), the Maidan protests (2013–2014), the annexation of Crimea (2014), the conflict in Donbas, and the Russian invasion (special military operation) in 2022. The research employs historical analysis, the comparative method, and geopolitical theory to assess the role of external factors in the Ukrainian crisis. Western powers, particularly the United States and the European Union, have provided Ukraine with political, economic, and military support, while Russia has sought to maintain its influence through military intervention, diplomatic pressure, and interference in internal affairs. Furthermore, the economic dimension of the conflict is examined, including Ukraine’s efforts to negotiate an agreement on the extraction of critical minerals with the United States, which has increased its strategic significance in international politics. The role of energy resources, trade dependencies, and economic sanctions is also considered in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Ukraine’s fight for independence has far-reaching implications for global stability, European integration, and international law, influencing the balance of power in the region. Its outcome will be crucial for the future of European security architecture and the stability of post-Cold War international relations. This paper examines Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and its struggle for sovereignty in the context of the conflict between the West and Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine faced serious political, economic, and security challenges, culminating in several significant events: the Orange Revolution (2004), the Maidan protests (2013–2014), the annexation of Crimea (2014), the conflict in Donbas, and the Russian invasion (special military operation) in 2022. The research employs historical analysis, the comparative method, and geopolitical theory to assess the role of external factors in the Ukrainian crisis. Western powers, particularly the United States and the European Union, have provided Ukraine with political, economic, and military support, while Russia has sought to maintain its influence through military intervention, diplomatic pressure, and interference in internal affairs. Furthermore, the economic dimension of the conflict is examined, including Ukraine’s efforts to negotiate an agreement on the extraction of critical minerals with the United States, which has increased its strategic significance in international politics. The role of energy resources, trade dependencies, and economic sanctions is also considered in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Ukraine’s fight for independence has far-reaching implications for global stability, European integration, and international law, influencing the balance of power in the region. Its outcome will be crucial for the future of European security architecture and the stability of post-Cold War international relations. This paper examines Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and its struggle for sovereignty in the context of the conflict between the West and Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine faced serious political, economic, and security challenges, culminating in several significant events: the Orange Revolution (2004), the Maidan protests (2013–2014), the annexation of Crimea (2014), the conflict in Donbas, and the Russian invasion (special military operation) in 2022. The research employs historical analysis, the comparative method, and geopolitical theory to assess the role of external factors in the Ukrainian crisis. Western powers, particularly the United States and the European Union, have provided Ukraine with political, economic, and military support, while Russia has sought to maintain its influence through military intervention, diplomatic pressure, and interference in internal affairs. Furthermore, the economic dimension of the conflict is examined, including Ukraine’s efforts to negotiate an agreement on the extraction of critical minerals with the United States, which has increased its strategic significance in international politics. The role of energy resources, trade dependencies, and economic sanctions is also considered in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Ukraine’s fight for independence has far-reaching implications for global stability, European integration, and international law, influencing the balance of power in the region. Its outcome will be crucial for the future of European security architecture and the stability of post-Cold War international relations. This paper examines Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and its struggle for sovereignty in the context of the conflict between the West and Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine faced serious political, economic, and security challenges, culminating in several significant events: the Orange Revolution (2004), the Maidan protests (2013–2014), the annexation of Crimea (2014), the conflict in Donbas, and the Russian invasion (special military operation) in 2022. The research employs historical analysis, the comparative method, and geopolitical theory to assess the role of external factors in the Ukrainian crisis. Western powers, particularly the United States and the European Union, have provided Ukraine with political, economic, and military support, while Russia has sought to maintain its influence through military intervention, diplomatic pressure, and interference in internal affairs. Furthermore, the economic dimension of the conflict is examined, including Ukraine’s efforts to negotiate an agreement on the extraction of critical minerals with the United States, which has increased its strategic significance in international politics. The role of energy resources, trade dependencies, and economic sanctions is also considered in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Ukraine’s fight for independence has far-reaching implications for global stability, European integration, and international law, influencing the balance of power in the region. Its outcome will be crucial for the future of European security architecture and the stability of post-Cold War international relations. This paper examines Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and its struggle for sovereignty in the context of the conflict between the West and Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine faced serious political, economic, and security challenges, culminating in several significant events: the Orange Revolution (2004), the Maidan protests (2013–2014), the annexation of Crimea (2014), the conflict in Donbas, and the Russian invasion (special military operation) in 2022. The research employs historical analysis, the comparative method, and geopolitical theory to assess the role of external factors in the Ukrainian crisis. Western powers, particularly the United States and the European Union, have provided Ukraine with political, economic, and military support, while Russia has sought to maintain its influence through military intervention, diplomatic pressure, and interference in internal affairs. Furthermore, the economic dimension of the conflict is examined, including Ukraine’s efforts to negotiate an agreement on the extraction of critical minerals with the United States, which has increased its strategic significance in international politics. The role of energy resources, trade dependencies, and economic sanctions is also considered in shaping the broader geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Ukraine’s fight for independence has far-reaching implications for global stability, European integration, and international law, influencing the balance of power in the region. Its outcome will be crucial for the future of European security architecture and the stability of post-Cold War international relations. References • Amnesty International (2016) Crimea in the dark: The silencing of dissent. London: Amnesty International. • Amnesty International (2023) Ukraine: Children’s education is one more casualty of Russian aggression. London: Amnesty International. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Ѓуровски, М. (2018). Украина: Политички и безбедносни аспекти на кризата. Скопје: ФОН Универзитет. • Galeotti, M. (2017) Hybrid war or gibridnaya voina? Getting Russia’s non-linear military challenge right. Prague: Mayak Intelligence • Galeotti, M. (2022). Putin’s Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine. Osprey Publishing. • Giles, G. J. (2005). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. Blackwell Publishing. • HRW, 2022. Ukraine: Apparent war crimes in Bucha. Human Rights Watch. • Institute for the Study of War (ISW). (2023) Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment. Превземено на 20.04.2025г. од: https://www.understandingwar.org • Kuzio, T. (2006). Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Nationalism and Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. • Kudelia, S. (2007) ‘Revolutionary Bargain: The Orange Revolution and its Aftermath’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. • Kundnani, H. (2015) The Paradox of German Power. 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Скопје: Институт за геостратегиски истражувања. • The Guardian (2022) Hostomel: Ukraine’s frontline airport becomes battleground in Russia’s invasion. The Guardian, Превземено на 28.04.2025г. од: https://www. theguardian.com • The Guardian (2022) Ukraine war: Russia’s assault on Hostomel airport fails. The Guardian, 25 February. Превземено на 28.04.2025г. од: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2022/feb/25/russia-assault-on-hostomel-airport-fails • Tsygankov, A. (2015). The Ukraine Crisis and Russia’s Foreign Policy. Russia in Global Affairs, 13(4), pстр. 66–81. • UNICEF (2021) Ukraine Humanitarian Situation Report. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. Превземено на 28.04.2025г. од: https://www.unicef.org • United Nations (2022) Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine. Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Превземено на 28.04.2025г. од: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents • UNHCR (2022) Ukraine situation: Flash update. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Превземено на 27.04.2025г. од: https://www.unhcr.org • UNHCR (2023) Ukraine emergency: Operational update. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Превземено на 27.04.2025г. од: https://www.unhcr.org • Wilson, A. (2005). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. Yale University Press. • Wilson, A. (2022) Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. New Haven: Yale University Press. • Williams, B. G. (2015) The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest. London: Hurst Publishers.
Conflicts as social relations are phenomena that are difficult to avoid and arise as a result of different perceptions and disagreements in relations for the purpose of achieving certain goals, hence the question arises whether they will further manifest as political (non-violent) or in a violent way. Forecasting can be especially useful in important conflicts, as it contributes to the perceptions of the potential development of events in the future, and thus influences the preparation of an adequate response for action, since surprise in conflict situations can lead to an unexpected and undesirable outcome. Hence, the primary hypothesis of this paper is that forecasting has serious positive implications in the management process in conflict situations, and as a result of forecasting, potential dangers can be promptly detected and practically analyzed, thus achieving in the certain way a higher level of readiness. The purpose of this research is to obtain in-depth knowledge about the role of forecasting and the benefits it can provide in the process of managing conflict situations through analysis. Considering the complexity and multidimensionality of this research, the methodology applied in this paper includes a content analysis method, a description method, a data analysis and interpretation method, an induction and deduction method, and a comparative analysis method. References • Armstrong, J., 2001. Principles of forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton. • Bakreski, O., Cvetkovski, S. & Bardjieva Miovska, L., 2022. Forecasting as a Function of Security Management. In: Proceedings of the Economics & Finance Conferences. [online] 16th Economics & Finance Conference. IISES (International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences), pp.41–54. Available at: http://hdl.handle. net/20.500.12188/23346 [Accessed 16 Aug. 2024]. • Bartos, O. & Wehr, P., 2002. Using Conflict Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press. • Council of Europe, 2012. T-Kit, Volume 12: Youth Transforming Conflict. s.l.: Council of Europe. • Cryer, J. & Chan, K.-S., 2011. Time series analysis with applications in R. Second Edition ed. New York, London: Springer. • Diebold, F. X., 2017. Forecasting in Economics, Business, Finance and Beyond. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. • Ghysels, E. & Marcellino, M., 2018. Applied Economic Forecasting using Time Series Methods. New York: Oxford University Press. • Hanke, E. & Wichern, W., 2014. Business Forecasting. Ninth Edition ed. s.l.: Pearson Education Limited . • Henderson, I. & de Coning, C., 2008. Conflict Management for Peacekeepers and Peacebuilders. 1st Edition ed. s.l.: African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). • Hill, C. & McShane, S., 2008. Principles of management. New York: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin. • Hoshmand, A., 2010. Business Forecasting: A Practical Approach. Second Edition ed. New York: Routledge. • Indartono, S., 2014. Conflict Management. Yogyakarta: Aksara Media Pratama. • Jeong, H.-W., 2009. Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction. 1st Edition ed. London: Routledge. • Kešetović, Ž., Korajlić, N. & Tot, I., 2013. Krizni menadžment. 2. izmijenjeno i dopunjeno izd. ed. Sarajevo: Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije, Univerziteta u Sarajevu; Veleučilište Velika Gorica. • Kozarević, S., 2009. Konflikt i teorija igara. Tuzla: OFF-SET - Tuzla. • Lisica, D. & Bajramović, Z., 2021. Planiranje u sektoru sigurnosti. Sarajevo: Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu. • Petropoulos, F., 2022. Forecasting: theory and practice. International Journal of Forecasting, 38(3), pp. 705-871. • Robbins, P. & Coulter, M., 2010. Management. 11th ed., ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice - Hall. • Shostack, A., 2014. Threat Modeling: Designing for Security. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,. • Stanković, J. & Đoković, F., 2019. Strategijski menadžment. Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum. • Tourki, M., Backović, M. & Cvjetićanin, D., 1999. Matematički modeli i metodi u ekonomiji. 4. izmenjeno i dopunjeno izd. ed. Beograd: Ekonomski fakultet. • UcedaVelez, T. & Morana, M., 2015. Risk Centric Threat Modeling : process for attack simulation and threat analysis. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons . • Vojnović, B., 2014. Menadžment. Beograd: Institut za ekonomiku poljoprivrede. • Vujošević, M., 1997. Operativni menadžment: kvantitativne metode. Beograd: DOPIS. • Андонов, О., 2022. Основи на процена на ризици и закани. Скопје: Воена академија „Генерал Михаило Апостолски“. • Арнаудовски, Љ., 2007. Криминологија. Скопје: 2-ри Август С- Штип. • Бакрески, О., 2016. Основи на безбедносниот менаџмент. Скопје: Филозофски факултет. • Квигин, Т., 2009. 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NEED ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NORTH MACEDONIA
Between mid-May and mid-June 2022, 10 students from the Faculty of Philosophy, supported by 3 Ukrainian language interpreters, conducted 49 interviews with refugees from Ukraine, overall covering 244 individuals in Skopje, Ohrid, Stip and Bitola. This report presents the main findings relating to refugees’ profiles, intentions, and needs, aiming to provide an evidence-based document to support advocacy interventions that will be most beneficial to these refugees, complementary support to the one to be provided by the government as well as individual assistance when/if needed. Key findings • The majority of refugees from Ukraine are women and children, with high levels of education and diverse professional skills among adults • While most refugees hope to return to Ukraine one day, for the time being, the majority plan to stay in their current host country
NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND ITS COHERENT IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS
National security is a segment that is considered from the perspective of an integral part of the theory of regional security complex. The focus of this paper is to determine the relevance of the state national interests, with special reference to giving appropriate proposals in the part of better management of them in the future and its more adequate complementarity during the renewal of strategies. The necessity of rebuilding the national interests is necessary in order to monitor the fight against modern threats. The need to specify long-term national interests is of vital importance for every modern state, so our state needs to build a solid foundation for the analogous functioning of all segments of the state system by specifically defining strategic national interests based on the existing ones. Analogous to what was written, certain theoretical proposals were given that would be useful in terms of the survival of national interests as the core of a state and a guide for further strategic challenges.
RESHAPING NORTH MACEDONIA: THE NAME CHANGE AND THE PRESPA AGREEMENT
The Balkans have been a significant region in political history. Despite being a small, mountainous country without a coastline, Macedonia’s territory has been a significant region throughout history, attracting the attention of major powers due to its strategic location. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Macedonia declared its independence. During this period, Greece reacted strongly against the independence. In this context, North Macedonia has been experiencing a name and other crisis. According to Greece, Macedonia doesn’t have the territory to use this name, flag, and the national anthem. In addition, they blame to Macedonia with appropriate to Greek cultural values as, Vergina Sun, Alexander the Great. Also, the statue of Alexander the Great built in the center of Skopje, renaming of Skopje airport to “Alexander the Great Airport,” and the description of the Thessaloniki Tower on the Macedonian currency have all been perceived as provocative actions by Greece. Greece identifies Macedonia’s historical and cultural heritage with its own identity, while the presence of minorities also raises concerns. Additionally, the fact that the preamble of the “Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia” states that the principles of the 1944 ASNOM Declaration are inherited and emphasizes that Macedonians living in the territories of Greece and Bulgaria will be united under the Macedonian Socialist Republic, constitutes one of the main reasons for Greece’s concerns. Greece has clearly opposed the use of the name “Macedonia” by rejecting both the existence of the Macedonian minority living within its borders and the recognition of the Macedonian nation. Greece has created international pressure for the resolution of the name issue by blocking Macedonia’s NATO and European Union membership process. After the discussions, the Prespa Agreement was signed in 2018 (Gounaris & Kofos, 2019).
Macedonia, Greece, Name dispute, Cultural heritage, Identity
CONTEMPORARY REFLECTIONS ON THE INTERSECTIONS OF POLITICS, CORRUPTION AND SPORTS
This paper aims to present the negative impacts of politics and corruption on sports as a social phenomenon, which, due to such malign influences, is increasingly moving away from its original humanistic concept. The impact of politics and corruption is driving sports towards dehumanisation and national, religious, and racial discrimination of all its participants. Sports have become a battleground for power struggles between superpowers and small states, with nationalism and xenophobia imposing characteristics that contradict the very essence of sports. Today, sports are a crucial aspect of the ideological operations of systems that use sports to solve certain problems or as a mobilising force to support the system. Often, sports are treated as a means of achieving the basic ideological goals of society or the government. Sports have become an ideological tool to deceive the masses and maintain the control of the ruling powers. The integration of politics, sports, and power allows sports to be turned into entertainment for the masses, and under the motto “bread and circuses,” the people are turned into an audience, a crowd, which, through repressive behaviour control, absorbs social discontent arising from the marginal social position of certain groups. Sports are suitable for influencing the masses, especially the youth, and for affirming various political ideologies and social anomalies and irregularities. Therefore, corruption, a negative phenomenon that has not spared sports despite its initially noble assumptions, is not new. In one form or another, it has always existed. Corruption appears in various forms throughout sports, undermining honesty, fair play, and trust in the game. The increasing amounts of money inherent in sports make this industry susceptible to corruption, while the participants become addicted to power, elitism, and betting.
Dehumanization, ideological goals, political ideologies, corruption, social groups
NATO AND SECURITY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IMPACT AND CHALLENGES
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), comprised of 32 member states from North America and Europe, represents the largest military and political alliance of today. Membership in NATO is widely accepted as a guarantee of security, but it has been a subject of political conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina for an extended period, as well as in other countries in the region. Currently, all Western Balkan countries (Albania, North Macedonia, and Montenegro) except Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Serbia are full members of NATO. Under the guise of military neutrality, the Republic of Serbia rejects the desire for full NATO membership, citing the NATO bombing of the then Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999 as a key argument against joining. Bosnia and Herzegovina initially had unanimous support for full NATO membership after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but over time, this support weakened and transformed into open opposition from representatives of the Republika Srpska entity. The lack of a pragmatic and thorough assessment of the interests of joining NATO, considering regional and global developments, Russian influence on the Balkans and the fact that there is a new reordering of the fragmented order in which military-political neutrality loses its meaning, further complicates the integration process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Analyze of the impact of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s membership in NATO and its consequences are in focus of this paper.
KEY COMMITMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS FROM THE 2024 NATO SUMMIT IN WASHINGTON
In the period from 9 until 11 July, 2024, the 75 anniversary Summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Alliance was held in Washington, in the conditions of a conventional threat to the security of the Alliance and in a time of war on the soil of Europe. NATO leaders discussed strategically important issues related to deterrence and defense, long-term support for Ukraine and cooperation with the Alliance’s global partners. The focus in strengthening the Alliance’s defense and deterrence is placed through “investing in new, modern high-end military capabilities” and “increasing the readiness of our forces,” (Stoltenberg, 2024) all underpinned by major increases in defence spending across the Alliance by supporting the increase in defense spending. I have suggested that at the Summit, we agree a big NATO role in coordinating and providing security assistance and training for Ukraine,” he said. “I strongly believe that we need a firmer, stronger institutionalized structure for the support. Ad-hoc, short term, voluntary announcements are good – but in the long term, we need more predictable, stronger support for Ukraine. In relation to the support of Ukraine, NATO is expected to increase its role in the coordinating and providing security assistance and training for Ukraine. According to Stoltenberg, this implies the establishment of a “firmer, stronger institutionalized structure” that will ensure a more predictable and sustainable long-term support of Ukraine. Cooperation with partners is crucial for security and stability because security is not only a regional issue but also a global issue.
NATO, Deterrence and Defence, Partners, Ukraine
COMMON SECURITY DENOMINATOR OF THE WESTERN NALKANS IN THE THIRD DECADE OD 21ST CENTURY: RISKS, OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES
The purpose of this paper is to identify the key security risks in the area of the Western Balkans, which are actually the common denominator in attempts at cooperation, coordination and integration in the field of creating defense and security policies, on regional and national level. Apart from the identification of security risks that determine the viability of Western Balkan actors, the fact that it is a region that is not fully integrated within the NATO defense and security infrastructure, partial integration will be used as a variable in the analysis of cooperation opportunities, in the political and contractual context. Finally, the capacities of regional cooperation in the field of security, determined by bilateral and regional agreement frameworks, will be presented. The contribution of this work in a scientific sense will be the answer to the question of how much the potential joint action of small states in the face of modern security risks affects the process of creating security sustainability at the individual (state) level, as the ultimate goal in understanding national interests.
Western Balkans, NATO, security, common denominator, risks, cooperation, coordination, integration
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND FOOD INSECURITY AS A LOOMING THREAT
From climate change to ethnic conflicts, from pandemics to cyber terrorism, humanity faces many non-traditional, multi-dimensional and complex security threats in the 21st century. Food security is one of these challenges that concerns the whole world and requires global solutions. The European Union (EU), as one of the actors with the highest level of welfare and providing the most humanitarian aid in the world, is not currently facing a serious food crisis. However, the adverse effects of climate change and the challenges that the Union has recently faced, such as the European debt crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Russia-Ukraine war, have brought food security to the top of the EU agenda. This study aims to research the issue of food insecurity in the European Union. The main argument of the study is that food security is not currently an acute problem for the European Union, but it is a looming threat. Although the EU has addressed food insecurity within the scope of agricultural policy until recently, in today’s “overheated” world full of natural disasters, economic crises, wars and conflicts, food security is now requiring a multidimensional approach, including economic, energy, health, environmental and social policies.
European Union, Food security, Climate change, Covid-19, Russia-Ukraine war
APPLYING NEGOTIATION PROCESS – THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL UNDERSTANDINGS
There is no doubt that conflicts (violent or non-violent) are an integral part of the relations between different actors at both, the national, regional and international levels. Starting from this conclusion, there is an inevitable need for applying appropriate strategies and approaches that will enable their efficient and successful management and resolution. It is exactly from such aspect that the significance of the negotiation process arises as an instrument for peaceful resolution of open issues or disputes, through the establishment and realization of communication between the opposing parties. However, as the experience to date in this regard shows, the realization of the negotiation process is not always established and realized in accordance with the projected visions. Hence, the focus of this paper is specifically directed towards the analysis of the negotiation process essence, mainly through the prism of some of the existing theoretical and practical aspects in this regard. Specifically, by analyzing the characteristics of the basic elements, phases and models of the negotiation process, the aim is closer identification of the main challenges and perspectives related to the applicability of the negotiation process.
communication, negotiation, resolution, conflict
CONTROL OVER THE SECURITY SERVICES AS AN INDICATOR OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Liberal democracy as a current and dominant political model in the world represents a kind of equilibrium of a multitude of social relations and connections between the people who make up the society. Democracy as a form of political arrangement has freedom and equality in its essence.In order to enable or realize these two main postulates, society creates a system based on norms and institutions, which in turn model the citizenship of man today. Part of the institutions of the system are the security institutions, whose main mission is the guarantor of one of the basic human motives, security. The security services, like no other institution, in the realization of their mission use means and methods whose possible abuse devastates the entire political system and society in general. This is the foundation of the need for adequate control that will ensure their legal operation. Legality in the operation of the security services is imperative because their work methodology encroaches on the most basic human rights, they have information whose misuse is a flagrant violation of human freedom and rights. A fact that is established in the history of mankind. The world, the region and our country are witnessing the abuse of these institutions, which created great consequences for the future. Macedonia has witnessed several abuses of these institutions since independence until now. The last abuse that was discovered in 2015, with the illegal wiretapping, is the largest so far in terms of its scope and substance. From it, materials were illegally created for a large part of the political and media public, the business community, the judiciary, the prosecutor’s office as well as other segments of society. Even today, the dilemma about the integrity of the persons and the institutions managed by them, for which there is material from the illegal wiretapping, is still relevant. It is legitimate to question whether we can call ourselves a free society if a large part of the elite daily performs important duties aware that someone owns a part of their privacy. Therefore, it is quite natural that the quality of the control of the security services rises to the rank of an indicator of the degree of democracy in a society. Macedonia has entered the fourth decade of liberal democratic life, from a legal and normative point of view it is creating a model of parliamentary and civil control of services, but the practice is disappointing, confronting us with the fact that the form has no substance, that the declarative differs from the real.
controlling, overseeing, political system, security services, democracy
MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SPECIAL FORCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
This research examines the unconventional tactics and strategies inherent in special forces, focusing on methods such as diversion, sabotage, assassination, and subversion. We analyse how these strategies affect national and international security using a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates theoretical frameworks from criminology, political science, and security studies. The article reveals the complex interactions between special tactics and broader security dynamics, highlighting how they can simultaneously serve as instruments to achieve political goals and raise significant ethical and legal dilemmas. The research results provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of special operations and their consequences, offering practical guidelines for shaping effective responses to security challenges in the modern world. This article is not only theoretically relevant but also has direct practical implications for security policies and strategies at the global level.
special forces, diversions, sabotage, assassinations, subversion, special war
ANALYSIS OF WARFIGHTING FUNCTIONS– THE UKRAINIAN COUNTEROFFENSIVE IN CONTEXT
This paper provides a detailed analysis ofwarfighting functions during the counteroffensive of the Ukrainian forces against Russian forces, as well as the efficiencyof warfighting functions, which has a significant impact on the results of the war. It will cover the period from the start of the counter-offensive of the Ukrainian forces, from June 2023, when some victories were recorded by the Ukrainian forces. Through the analysis and processing of confidential and already available information from social networks, media and the Washington Post, and in accordance with the comparison with the US doctrine, a special emphasis was placed on one of the warfighting functions in Ukrainian counter-offensive, that is, the system for combat service support.The method of analyses and synthesis was used to summarize the results and arrive at the conclusion. Hence it is confirmed that in terms of the organization and implementation of the combat service support warfighting function, the Ukrainian forces have failed to meet the right requirements in the right place and at the right time. The main culprit in all of this is the lack of sufficient time for preparation and training of personnel for different models of the same type of assets that were donated by Western countries during the war, as well as the rejection of US military officials’ advice to use frontal attack along one axis.
Ukrainian forces,warfighting functions, service support, analysis
THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE IS FERTILE GROUND FOR TERRORIST RADICALIZATION
The article deals with broadening the view of terrorist radicalization, starting from the causes that lead to terrorist radicalization, through social media as a friend of terrorist propaganda distribution, and up to the migration to the dark side of the Internet. The current global landscape is affected by multiple recent crises and largely with high uncertainty, this combined with overall hyper-connectivity is a fertile ground for terrorist radicalization. The impact that terrorists have is due to the spread of their narrative through the media, distributing propaganda material that is easily accessible to all. This material remains available and a potential risk for the spread of new recruits. The online environment is a key medium for terrorist propaganda where law enforcement agencies are forced to take deeper steps to deal with disinformation and propaganda spread by terrorist organizations, which in turn forces terrorists to change their structure and modus operandi.
Terrorism, radicalization, social media, anonymous platforms, dark web
UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION ON SREBRENICA GENOCIDE,SOLUTION OR DISSOLUTION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA?
The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide on 23 May 2024, designating 11 July as the „International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica“. The Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide was adopted by a vote of 84 in favour to 19 against, with 68 abstentions. One of the objectives of adopting the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide is to condemne any denial of Srebrenica genocide and actions that glorify those convicted of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide by international courts. The adoption of the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide resonates in the region of the Western Balkans, but also far beyond its borders. Part of the statements that preceded the adoption of the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide and that appeared in public after its adoption may exacerbate tensions, and even existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Aim of this paper is to analyze the statements and narratives relate to Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide and put it in the context of the current political and security situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Does the adoption of the Resolution on Srebrenica Genocide lead to further reconciliation of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina? Will there be a review of the conflicts of the last century in Western Balkan region after this?
United Nations, Genocide in Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
“TOO MANY COOKS IN THE KITCHEN? EU-NATO OVERLAP IN SAFEGUARDING EUROPEAN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE POST - 2022”
Until 2022, European citizens had not faced any direct physical threat to their Critical Energy Infrastructure (CEI) for generations. However, in September of that year, everything changed with the sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, which connected Germany to Russia. The research begins from this period due to the significance of both the year and the event. That year saw the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, introducing a new (in)security landscape for Europe. The event was also unprecedented, emphasizing the importance of this starting point. This shifted CEI protection to a top priority for both the EU and NATO, prompting action from both international organizations to prevent similar incidents in the future. However, the October 2023 Balticconnector incident — damage to an underwater gas pipeline and communication cable between Finland and Estonia — revealed inefficiencies in the synergy between NATO and the EU regarding CEI protection. This raised the research question: is there any overlap between the two organizations in CEI protection, and if so, in which areas? Through an in-depth case study using the analytical tool of organizational overlap, it was found that there is significant overlap between the EU and NATO in their efforts to protect European CEI, particularly in the areas of division of labor and mandate. The study examined their strategies, discourse, methods, and intentions, concluding that coordination remains insufficient. Although steps have been taken to address the issue—such as the creation of the EU-NATO Task Force on CEI resilience and the “Coherent Resilience 2023 Baltic” tabletop exercise—progress in 2024 remains limited, leaving much to be desired from both organizations in this field.
Organizational Overlap, NATO, EU, Critical Energy Infrastructure
RESILIENCE BUILDING AGAINST CYBER INSECURITIES IN THE BALTICS
The Global Risk Report of the World Economic Forum has been defining cyber insecurity as one of the severe global risks since 2023. The Global Risk Report 2024 ranked cyber insecurity as the eight global risk by severity over a ten-years-period. The peaceful environment the cyberspace had provided for almost two decades ended with the release of the Morris Worm, the first harmful malware, in 1988. Since then cyber threats and cyberattacks have been posing serious dangers to national security. The cyber-attacks on Estonia in 2007 owing to the Bronze Soldier event are considered as an important milestone in cybersecurity studies. These were followed by the cyber-attacks on Georgia in 2008 and on Iran in 2010, which created a serious need for cyber policies, actions, strategies and norms at national and international level like the efforts of the UN, NATO and OECD to overcome the unwanted results of the cyber domain. This study will deal with the Baltic states’ cyber capabilities, cyber capacity building, security concerns and cybersecurity challenges from the perspective of small states’ security considering the latest developments in Eastern Europe since 2022, the fast advancements in information technology and artificial intelligence. The study will be a desk research focusing on the national strategies, policies and action plans of the Baltic states to fight with the insecurities of cyberspace by using case study analysis as a research method. This study aims to shed light on the vulnerabilities and resilience of the Baltic states facing with cyber insecurities. The scholarship will contribute into Baltic and cyber security studies.
Baltics, Cybersecurity, Cyber Insecurity, Small States
SECURITY MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE (NEXT GENERATION) INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM MODEL
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of application of the appropriate model for security management in contemporary security emergencies. Given the complex nature of security situations and the involvement of multiple security actors i.e. institutions in their management, it is essential to deliver an effective outcome and minimize consequences and further escalation. In the direction of descriptive elaboration, the models of the incident command system and the incident command system of the next generation, which is the officially adopted crisis management mechanism in the Republic of North Macedonia, are briefly defined and presented. With their organizational hierarchy characteristicsfor human and material resources designation, they counterpoise a common platform for real-time data sharing and situational awareness. North Macedonia has adapted the NICS system which is used to coordinate the national all-hazards response within the context of civil-military cooperation in various security circumstances. The NICS is developed on the Incident Command System developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as a standardized approach to multifaceted incidents for a coordinated response among different jurisdictions and entities. The initial hypothesis in this paper refers to the premise that in a contemporary environment, the implementation of the optimal security management model should include the dimension of communication in the form of information and data sharing, coordination of the execution of the decisions made, and a standardized approach to action. The independent variable in addition to the hypothesis is that the application of an appropriate management model aims to create a flexible response with unified action from multiple relevant institutions from different domains of social activities and should standardize and coordinate the efforts undertaken. The methodology applied for this research includes qualitative and quantitative data analysis from relevant primary and secondary sources extracted from field simulation and empirical examples, deductive argumentation, comparison method, retrospective review and forecasting conclusions.
security, management, command, coordination, model, ICS, NICS, RNM
THE POLICE AS THE PRIMARY GUARANTOR OF SECURITY IN THE STATE
Security can be understood as one of the most important, or primary, human needs, and it is closely related to other existential needs. Broadly interpreted, in modern society, it can be said that the security implies order in society, i.e. a condition in which neither the state nor its citizens are threatened by any danger. Achieving this condition requires adherence to applicable laws and regulations, which essentially implies the functioning of the rule of law. Since man became a conscious being, one of the key needs has been the need for a necessary level of security. Consequently, since the birth of the state, people began to create specific services (bodies) entrusted with important tasks of interest to the community (state) and all its members. The most visible state body tasked with the role of ensuring security is the police. Therefore, the police were created together with the state and since its inception, they have been a body of coercion in the hands of the ruling elite, with the goal of maintaining the concept of public order. Today, the level of security in society is shown statistically, i.e. through the ratio between the number of crimes and misdemeanours (negative security incidents) and the number of solved crimes and misdemeanours, i.e. it is reflected in the efficiency of state bodies responsible for prevention and repression of all negative security phenomena. The police are one of the most important state bodies for maintaining the necessary level of security. However, the responsibility for the state of security in the country cannot solely rest with the police. This responsibility must also extend to other state bodies, especially to those responsible for dealing with cases referred to them by the police.
police, police function, competence, assessment of the security situation, security, state
GLOBAL SECURITY ISSUES: TACKLING MIGRATION AND REFUGEE CRISES
Global security and migration are closely related to each other and mutually influence the situation in the world. Migration can be both a cause and a consequence of threats to global security. One of the main reasons for migration is instability and conflict in countries, which can lead to security threats both within and outside the country. Armed conflicts, terrorism, human rights violations, deteriorating economic situation and environmental disasters can force people to leave their homes and seek a better life in other countries. On the other hand, mass migration can cause tension in receiving countries, which can lead to social and economic problems, as well as security threats. Illegal and uncontrolled migration can contribute to crime, human trafficking and in some cases terrorist attacks. From an economic perspective, migration may potentially lead to significant negative effects such as increased unemployment among natives, increased shadow economy and may put upward pressure on housing costs. To ensure global security, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive approach to migration management that will consider the interests of all parties. This includes strengthening international cooperation, tackling the root causes of migration and ensuring sustainable development in source countries. Thus, the connection between global security and migration highlights the need for joint efforts by countries and international organizations to address the complex challenges posed by these phenomena.
Global Security, Migration, Economy, Terrorism
MIGRATION IMPLICATIONS OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE ON BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Migrations, as a global contemporary phenomenon, take place as a result of various “push-pull factors”, and can have many political, social, cultural or security implications. However, we can state that it is mostly about voluntary migration, while on the other hand, wars as a “push factor” of migration mostly cause forced migration. The war in Ukraine triggered the largest migration movements in Europe after World War II, because according to UNHCR data, 4.8 million refugees from Ukraine were registered for temporary protection or similar programs in the European Union (EU). However, the question arises as to what types of migrations the war in Ukraine triggered, were actually only Ukrainians moving, or as a result of the war were movements of citizens of the Russian Federation recorded as well? The purpose of this paper is to look at the approach of the EU to the war in Ukraine from several different perspectives, the approach of the countries of the Western Balkans (WB), as well as the approach of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The paper will present the scope of the migration implications of the war in Ukraine on Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the presentation of data on the entry, movement, stay and international protection of citizens of Ukraine and citizens of the Russian Federation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special focus will be on the analysis of the reasons for these migrations, and the approach to solving their status will be considered.
war, Ukraine, Russian Federation, migrations, refugees, Bosnia and Herzegovina
GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF OPPOSING AND PROTECTING AGAINST SECURITY THREATS
Security, as one of the fundamental values of social functioning and a key subjective feeling of individuals within a society, is often the target of various attacks. The feeling of insecurity can lead to the internal erosion of society and constant demands to the relevant social control authorities to elevate security measures. However, overly conspicuous actions and clearly visible measures can also undermine the feeling of security, causing people to feel unsafe due to the omnipresence of high-tech cameras, notifications, and law enforcement presence. This may indicateto individuals that something is “not right.” The authors of this paper have presented specific preventive-repressive steps and measures in the field of protection against threats. The primary requirement of the security system is deterrence from attacks, which is the aim of preventive measures discussed in this paper. By integrating all forms and types of protection, the degree of threat is reduced, and the level of security is increased. Therefore, this paper presents elements of preventive reaction, with a projection of integrating all subjects in preventing and eliminating security threats in terms of maintaining everyday habitual activities. All the aforementioned is accompanied by a discussion with arguments for and against certain measures, potential encroachments on human rights, and the paper concludes with considerations and proposals for the most effective actions.
threats, security, measures, projects, protection
SECURITY IMPLICATIONS FROM RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN EUROPEAN UNION
This paper aim is an analyze how right-wing terrorism seeks to change the entire political, social and economic system to a right-wing extremist model. One cause for concern is the increasingly young age of suspects linked to violent online communities of varying degrees of organization. In this paper we draw attention that video games and video game communication applications were increasingly used in 2020 for spreading rightwing terrorist and extremist propaganda, in particular among young people. In 2020, transnational sources of inspiration, such as the Siege culture, popularized in the virtual world, were observed to gain more traction especially with extremists that were younger in age than previously typical on the extreme right at national level. COVID-19 was observed to accelerate the trend of spreading right-wing extremist propaganda online, rather than offline. Right-wing extremists exploited COVID-19 to support their narratives of accelerationism and conspiracy theories featuring anti-Semitic, anti-immigration and anti-Islamic rhetoric. Also, they seek to extend their influence to other circles or sectors of activity (e.g., sports hooligans). In general, the right-wing extremist scene can be described as very heterogeneous, with differing manifestations in terms of organization, political objectives and the preferred means of achieving these. The right-wing extremist spectrum is a mixture of prejudices, contemptuous and totalitarian ideologies that, each in their own way, had security implications.
right-wing terrorism, extremism, attacks, security