STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMPLIMENT RESPONSES IN MACEDONIANAND ALBANIAN IN COMPARISON TO ENGLISH
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Published:
Jun 30, 2018
Keywords:
speech acts, politeness theory, face, face-threatening acts, compliments, compliment responses
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Abstract
This paper investigates compliments and compliment responses in order to reveal cultural differences and similarities between Macedonian, Albanian and English language through the use of this speech act. Thе main hypothesis is that there are similarities between Macedonian and Albanian culture as they belong to a broader cultural milieu of the Balkans. The research is based on two corpоra: the first corpus consists of everyday life situations (CELS or KRS) and it contains 100 compliment exchanges and the second corpus is created through a Discourse Completion Test (CDCT or KPS) and it contains 1320 examples. Compliment responses are examined with the aim to see how much they reflect the cultural background of Macedonian and Albanian nation. A particular attention is paid to Brown and Levinson’s Politeness theory and to the notion of Face in the frames of which compliment responses are examined with the aim to learn how these two cultures perceive politeness and whether they are more prone to self-praise or modesty. Compliment responses are also examined as potential Face-threatening or Face-saving acts. Nationality, sex and age of the respondents are taken into consideration as factors that influence compliment responses.
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How to Cite
Деари, Нита. 2018. “STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMPLIMENT RESPONSES IN MACEDONIANAND ALBANIAN IN COMPARISON TO ENGLISH”. Journal of Contemporary Philology 1 (1), 81-109. https://doi.org/10.37834/JCP1810081d.
Section
Linguistics
Copyright © 2014 Blaže Koneski Faculty of Philology, Skopje
Journal of Contemporary Philology (JCP)
Современа филологија
References
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Bergqvist, T. (2009). Compliment responses among native and non-native English speakers: Evidence of Pragmatic transfer from Swedish into English. Stockholms: Stockholms Universitet.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. ([1978], 1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cedar, P. (2006). Thai and American responses to compliments in English. The Linguistics Journal, 1 (2): 6–28.
Chiang, B. and Pochtrager, F. (1993). A pilot study of compliment responses of American-born English speakers and Chinese-born English speakers. Retrieved from:
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356649.pdf
Davis, B. (2008). “Ah excuse me... I like your shirt”: An examination of compliment responses across gender by Australians. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 1(2): 76–87.
Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In E. Goffman (ed.). Interactional Ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour, 5–45. New York: Pantheon Books.
Herbert, R. K. (1989). The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A contrastive sketch. In W. Olesky (ed.). Contrastive Pragmatics, 3–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Herbert, R. (1990). Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society, 19: 201–224.
Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28 (4): 485–508.
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of Pragmatics, 12 (3): 445–465.
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men, and politeness. London and New York: Longman.
Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistics: Learning about language. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
Johnson, D. and Roen, D. H. (1992). Complimenting and involvement in peer reviews: Gender variation. Language in Society, 21: 27–57.
Knapp, M. L., Hopper, R. and Bell, R. A. (1984). Compliments: A descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication, 34 (4): 12–31.
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http://www.management-issues.com/opinion/6548/compliments-and-cultural-intelligence/
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2001). Compliment responses among British and Spanish university students: A contrastive study. Journal of Pragmatics, 33: 107–127.
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http://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/2008/06/compliments-nice-and-lovely.html
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Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spielman, R. (1998). ‘You’re so fat’: Exploring Ojibwe discourse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Terkourafi, M. (2004). Testing Brown and Levinson’s theory in a corpus of spontaneous conversational data from Cypriot Greek. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 168: 119–134.
Tsuda, S. (1992). Contrasting attitudes in Compliments: Humility in Japanese and Hyperbole in English. Intercultural Communication Studies II, 1.
Wolfson, N. (1983). An empirically based analysis of complimenting in American English. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds). Sociolinguistics and language acquisition, 82–95. Rowley: Newbury House.
Yakimova, N. (2012). Compliment responses in Bulgarian. Contrastive Linguistics, 37 (4).
Yule, G. (1996). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Кусевска, М. (2012). Meѓукултурна прагматика: Несогласување во усната комуникација: англиски и македонски. Скопје: Академски печат.
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Савеска, А. (2013). Комплименти и возвраќања на комплименти во германскиот и во македонскиот јазик. Магистерски труд. Скопје: Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“.
Behnam, B. and Amizadeh, N. (2007). A comparative study of the compliments and compliment responses between English and Persian TV interviews. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(1): 65–78.
Bergqvist, T. (2009). Compliment responses among native and non-native English speakers: Evidence of Pragmatic transfer from Swedish into English. Stockholms: Stockholms Universitet.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. ([1978], 1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cedar, P. (2006). Thai and American responses to compliments in English. The Linguistics Journal, 1 (2): 6–28.
Chiang, B. and Pochtrager, F. (1993). A pilot study of compliment responses of American-born English speakers and Chinese-born English speakers. Retrieved from:
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356649.pdf
Davis, B. (2008). “Ah excuse me... I like your shirt”: An examination of compliment responses across gender by Australians. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 1(2): 76–87.
Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In E. Goffman (ed.). Interactional Ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour, 5–45. New York: Pantheon Books.
Herbert, R. K. (1989). The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A contrastive sketch. In W. Olesky (ed.). Contrastive Pragmatics, 3–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Herbert, R. (1990). Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Language in Society, 19: 201–224.
Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28 (4): 485–508.
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of Pragmatics, 12 (3): 445–465.
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men, and politeness. London and New York: Longman.
Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistics: Learning about language. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
Johnson, D. and Roen, D. H. (1992). Complimenting and involvement in peer reviews: Gender variation. Language in Society, 21: 27–57.
Knapp, M. L., Hopper, R. and Bell, R. A. (1984). Compliments: A descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication, 34 (4): 12–31.
Lakeoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. New York: Harper and Row.
Leech, G. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Livermore, D. (2012). Compliments and cultural intelligence. Retrived from:
http://www.management-issues.com/opinion/6548/compliments-and-cultural-intelligence/
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2001). Compliment responses among British and Spanish university students: A contrastive study. Journal of Pragmatics, 33: 107–127.
Manes, J. and Wolfson, N. (1981). The compliment formula. In F. Coulmas (ed.), Conversational routine: Explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech, 115–132. Hague: Mouton.
Manes, J. (1983). Compliments: A mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds.). Sociolinguistics and language acquisition, 96–102. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Murphy, L. (2008). Separated by a common language: Observations on British and American English by an American linguist in the UK. Retrieved from:
http://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/2008/06/compliments-nice-and-lovely.html
Pomerantz, A. (1978). Compliment responses: notes on the cooperation of multiple constraints. In J. Schenkein (ed.). Studies in the organisation of conversational interaction, 79–112. New York: Academic Press.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spielman, R. (1998). ‘You’re so fat’: Exploring Ojibwe discourse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Terkourafi, M. (2004). Testing Brown and Levinson’s theory in a corpus of spontaneous conversational data from Cypriot Greek. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 168: 119–134.
Tsuda, S. (1992). Contrasting attitudes in Compliments: Humility in Japanese and Hyperbole in English. Intercultural Communication Studies II, 1.
Wolfson, N. (1983). An empirically based analysis of complimenting in American English. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds). Sociolinguistics and language acquisition, 82–95. Rowley: Newbury House.
Yakimova, N. (2012). Compliment responses in Bulgarian. Contrastive Linguistics, 37 (4).
Yule, G. (1996). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Кусевска, М. (2012). Meѓукултурна прагматика: Несогласување во усната комуникација: англиски и македонски. Скопје: Академски печат.
Нешковска, С. (2014). Заблагодарување. Во: М. Кусевска, З. Трајкова, С. Нешковска, Ф. Смичковска. Говорни чинови: барање, заблагодарување, извинување, приго- варање во англискиот и во македонскиот јазик, 135–183. Скопје: Академски печат.
Савеска, А. (2013). Комплименти и возвраќања на комплименти во германскиот и во македонскиот јазик. Магистерски труд. Скопје: Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“.