Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, JAFES
Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (JAFES) е меѓународно научно списание со отворен пристап, рецензирано од врсници, објавено двапати годишно. JAFES објавува оригинални истражувачки трудови фокусирани на сите аспекти на земјоделството, храната и еколошките науки, како што се: производство на растенија, заштита на растенијата, генетика, одгледување, генетски ресурси, биотехнологија, животинско производство, управување со вода, науки за почвата, земјоделска економија, рурален развој, информатичка технологија во земјоделството, прехранбена технологија, преработка на храна, квалитет и безбедност на храна и така натаму.
Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food - Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOKED PORK LOIN PRODUCED WITH AN ALTERNATIVE CURING SYSTEM
This study extends previous research on colour development in industrially produced semi-dry smoked pork loin by evaluating additional physicochemical characteristics and sensory quality of the same experimental batches. Four groups of smoked pork loin were produced in three production replicates under industrial conditions: group I with table salt, dextrose and ascorbic acid; group II with nitrite salt, dextrose and ascorbic acid; group III with nitrite salt, dextrose, ascorbic acid and starter culture BactoFerm Rosa; and group IV with table salt, Swiss chard powder, dextrose, acerola powder and starter culture BactoFerm Rosa. Samples were analysed during salting and after thermal processing, while sensory evaluation of the finished products was performed by 10 assessors using descriptive sensory scoring scales. During processing, water activity and moisture content decreased in all groups, whereas dry matter-related components increased, reflecting dehydration and salt diffusion during salting and thermal processing. In the final product, pH values remained within a narrow range, indicating that the starter culture did not cause a marked pH change in smoked pork loin as a non-fermented whole-muscle product. Group III showed the most favourable sensory profile, particularly for cut-surface colour, odour, taste, aroma and overall impression. Group IV had favourable texture and aroma scores, but poor cut-surface colour development, which negatively affected the overall impression. The results indicate that nitrite salt combined with starter culture provided the most balanced quality profile, whereas direct application of Swiss chard powder with acerola powder and starter culture requires further technological optimization to achieve uniform colour development.
smoked pork loin, Swiss chard powder, acerola, starter culture, sensory quality, physicochemical properties
STATE, TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF ORGANIC LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA: A REVIEW
This study explores the status and trends of organic livestock breeding in North Macedonia, focusing on cattle, sheep, and goats. While organic livestock breeding plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture, the cattle sector faces significant challenges, characterized by a decline of 41.12% in herd size from 2009 to 2023, primarily due to structural issues and economic pressures. Sheep breeding shows more promise, with organic sheep comprising 16.07% of the national flock, demonstrating resilience despite market challenges. Goat breeding, historically affected by governmental restrictions, has seen slow recovery, with organic goats representing 6.42% of the national herd. The research utilizes official data from relevant governmental and certification bodies to provide a comprehensive overview of the organic livestock sector. The findings highlight the need for enhanced market recognition and structural improvements to foster growth and sustainability in organic livestock breeding. As the sector continues to evolve, strategic investments in education, infrastructure, and marketing will be crucial for maximizing its potential and supporting local farmers.
North Macedonia, Organic livestock breeding, Ruminants, Sheep, Goat, Cattle
THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED YEAST STRAINS ON THE QUALITY OF WINE FROM THE “CABERNET SAUVIGNON” VARIETY
Yeast plays a crucial role in the winemaking process. The primary function of selected yeast strains is to ensure a rapid, complete, and efficient conversion of grape sugars into ethanol, during which specific aromatic precursors are transformed into a wide range of volatile compounds, accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide. The choice of yeast significantly influences the organoleptic profile of wine. Today, numerous commercially available wine yeast strains enable winemakers to tailor wines to different consumer markets. This study evaluated the impact of three different yeast strains on the fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon must, focusing on the chemical composition, phenolic content, and sensory properties of the resulting wines. The results demonstrated that yeast selection significantly affected key compositional parameters, including tannins and polyphenol levels. Under identical vinification conditions, the “VRB” strain produced wines with the highest color intensity and total polyphenol content, contributing to enhanced sulfur stability and preservation of primary aromas. The “Clos” strain proved the greatest fermentation robustness, resulting in the highest alcohol content while maintaining total acidity, which is essential for freshness and structural balance. Sensory evaluation revealed that the “Clos” strain enhanced varietal typicity, especially fruity-spicy notes; the “D-254” strain produced wines with medium body and pronounced fruity aromas; whereas the “VRB” strain improved body and polyphenol structure, indicating greater aging potential.
wine, fermentation, selected yeasts, chemical composition, sensory properties.
INFLUENCE OF VARIETY ON THE GRAPE QUALITY OF STANUSHINA CULTIVAR
The Tikveš wine-growing region is the largest area for grape and wine production in the Republic of North Macedonia and is also the region with the highest concentration of the only native grape variety – Stanushina. This indigenous variety has been cultivated since ancient times in the Tikveš region and belongs to the ecological-geographical group of Black Sea varieties, subgroup Balkanica. Out of approximately 300 hectares of vineyards planted with Stanushina, more than 250 hectares are located in the Tikveš region. In other wine regions, this variety is very rare and typically found only as individual vines. Stanushina exists in several biotypes (varieties), with the following identified: black, pink (sura), and reulava Stanushina. The Black Stanushina variety is characterized by a dark blue skin coloration. The pink variant exhibits pink skin pigmentation, whereas the Sura variant is distinguished by looser cluster structure, with the presence of unfertilized or underdeveloped berries within the cluster (millerandage). This study presents a comparative analysis of two identified Stanushina varieties at two different micro-locations: the black variety was studied at the "Bela Česhma" site near the village of Resava, and the pink variety at "CrvenoBrdo," near the village of Begnište. Both sites use the vertical trellis (espalier) training system. The objective of this research is to determine the differences between the two varieties in terms of average bunch weight, yield, fertility, and overall grape quality. The comparative analysis showed us a higher shoot yield coefficient and shoot fertility coefficient in the pink variety (Sura), and a higher average bunch mass in the black Stanushina (variety).
Stanushina, varieties, fertility, yield, grape quality.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET NEEDS: EMPLOYABILITY AND PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING GRADUATES IN NORTH MACEDONIA
Over the past decade, there has been a significant decline in interest in studying agricultural sciences in North Macedonia. This decrease is primarily attributed to labor market fluctuations in the agricultural sector, which differ substantially from other sectors in terms of dynamics and challenges. To address this issue, a comprehensive study was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food - Skopje (FASF), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM). The study focused on the employability, income levels, and perceptions of graduates in agricultural engineering, but also the perceptions of the employers on the profile of an agricultural engineer envisioned by the different profiles of employers in the sector. The findings highlight the need for targeted educational actions and employment policies to address the identified challenges and opportunities, particularly for highly qualified personnel in the sector.
Agricultural engineers, employability; labour market, graduate perceptions, North Macedonia.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GRAPE PRODUCTION IN MACEDONIA: THE CASE OF THE SMEDEREVKA VARIETY
In the Republic of North Macedonia are 1,265 thousand hectares of agricultural land, of which about 520 thousand hectares are arable land. Of the total arable land, arable land and gardens account for 80%, meadows for 12%, vineyards for 5% and orchards for 3%. In the area under vineyards, wine varieties account for 70%, of which white varieties account for 40% and red varieties for 60% (State Statistical Office, 2025). The most common white varieties are: Smederevka, Chardonnay, Riesling and Sauvignon, and the most common red varieties are: Vranec, Kratošija, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. The subject of research in this paper is the production of grapes, the Smederevka variety. The aim of the research is to analyze the results and economic justification of the production of the mentioned grape variety. Data were collected through a survey of 30 grape producers from the Vardar region. The data collected through the survey were processed using the Excel software package. Descriptive statistics indicators were also used. The results of the analysis indicate that the average yield of the Smederevka variety is 18,833 kg/ha, and the average total income is 293,937 denars. In the total income, income from the sale of grapes accounts for 73%, subsidies per area account for 14%, and subsidies per delivered quantities of grapes account for 13%. The average yield rate is 45%, and the average yield threshold is 17,055 kg/ha. The cost price of grapes is the lowest among producers with larger plantings, and they also achieve better operational results. Smaller producers should focus on association, consolidation, and modernization of their capacities, along with continuous education.
economic analysis, production, grapes, the Smederevka variety, profitability.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL POLYPHENOLS IN POTATOES
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop recognized not only for its nutritional value but also for its content of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and total polyphenolic content (TPC) in potato core and peel extracts. Samples were subjected to drying, followed by ultrasonic extraction using 80% methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to identify major classes of bioactive compounds, while TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The results revealed variability in phytochemical composition depending on the sample type and drying conditions. Terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides were detected in most samples, while flavonoids and phenolic compounds were not identified using qualitative assays, likely due to low concentrations or degradation during processing. A strong linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve (R² = 0.9994), confirming the reliability of the method. Quantitative analysis showed significantly higher TPC in potato peel (1.67 mg GAE/100 g) compared to the core (1.02 mg GAE/100 g), highlighting the peel as a richer source of phenolic compounds. These findings emphasize the potential of potato by-products as valuable sources of natural antioxidants for applications in functional foods and sustainable food systems.
potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., total phenolic content (TPC), phytochemical screening.
DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY-GENERATION EVALUATION OF GAMMA-INDUCED VARIABILITY IN DRY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
Gamma irradiation is an effective tool for generating genetic variability in grain legumes and expanding the breeding potential of elite cultivars. The aim of the present research was to develop and assess early-generation mutant populations of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) obtained by using gamma irradiation and to identify superior plants for advancement in a mutation-breeding program. A total of 6 000 dry seeds were treated with three gamma ray doses (80, 120 and 160 Gy). In the M1 generation, emergence, survival and fertility showed a clear reduction, with the highest values recorded at 80 Gy and the lowest at 160 Gy. Despite these declines, sufficient number of fertile plants per each dose were attained to maintain adequate population sizes for further selection. High survival (>90%) and fertility were observed in the M2 generation, indicating the stabilization of viable mutant lines following the elimination of lethal mutations in M1. Substantial phenotypic variability was recorded in M2 for flowering time, maturity, plant architecture, plant height, pod number, seed number per pod and disease response. Several plants exhibited superior agronomic performance compared with the original breeding line. Selection was conducted on an individual plant basis using yield components, plant vigor, architecture, fertility and reduced disease symptoms as criteria, and selected plants were advanced to the M3 generation using the pedigree method. The results demonstrate that gamma irradiation effectively generated useful genetic variability in dry bean. Moderate doses provided an optimal balance between variability and plant survival, whereas higher doses increased phenotypic diversity but also caused greater biological damage. The selected M3 lines represent valuable genetic resources for further evaluation in replicated trials and for use in breeding programs aimed at improving yield, stress tolerance and disease resistance.
gamma irradiation, bean mutants, early generations, phenotypic variability, M2 selection
Авторско право(c) 2025 Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, JAFES
INDUCED MUTAGENESIS FOR YIELD COMPONENT VARIABILITY IN WINTER WHEAT: EVALUATION OF GAMMA IRRADIATION DOSES IN THE M3 GENERATION
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop that plays a crucial role in global food security. Induced mutagenesis represents an effective approach for generating novel genetic variability in well-adapted cultivars and expanding the genetic base available for breeding. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of gamma ray irradiation on the winter wheat variety “Nova Bosanka” by assessing dose-dependent responses in mutant populations and identifying promising lines for further selection. A total of 6 000 seeds were irradiated with three doses (150, 200 and 300 Gy) and advanced to the M3 generation under field conditions using the pedigree method. The number of spikes and seed yield were recorded for mutant lines based on five plants per line. Welch’s one-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of irradiation dose on spike number (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest mean value observed at 300 Gy, while seed yield did not differ significantly among treatments. However, higher doses markedly increased phenotypic variability, particularly for seed yield, where the coefficient of variation reached 59.2% at 300 Gy. The identification of extreme high-yielding mutant lines and genotypes combining high spike number and seed productivity demonstrates the effectiveness of gamma irradiation for generating useful agronomic variation. Moderate doses (200 Gy) provided a favorable balance between mutagenic effectiveness and survival, whereas the highest dose produced the most promising elite lines. The selected mutants represent valuable genetic material for further evaluation in replicated and multi-environment trials and for use in wheat improvement programs.
gamma irradiation, induced mutagenesis, winter wheat, spike number, seed yield, mutant lines, genetic variability
Авторско право(c) 2026 Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, JAFES
GAMMA-INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND REPRODUCTIVE STABILITY IN COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) UNDER THE AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
The present study aimed to induce and evaluate gamma-induced morphological variation and reproductive stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under the agroecological conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 5145 dry seeds of the accession “niska boranija” from the Gene Bank of the Republic of Srpska were exposed to two gamma radiation doses (80 Gy and 200 Gy) at the IAEA laboratories in Seibersdorf. Mutant generations were advanced from M1 to M4 under open-field conditions. Phenotypic evaluation revealed stable morphological variation from the M2 generation onward. Flower colour mutation from white to violet was observed in 7.25% of evaluated M3 plants and remained stable in subsequent generations. Additional heritable changes included alterations in seed coat colour (yellow to greenish) and modifications of plant architecture, particularly the transition from determinate dwarf to climbing growth habit. In M4 generation, 79.66% of mutant lines maintained reproductive capacity, confirming the stability and usability of induced mutations. The 80 Gy treatment proved more effective in generating viable and phenotypically stable mutants, whereas 200 Gy caused stronger growth reduction and lower overall viability. This study demonstrates the successful application of gamma induced mutagenesis in common bean under the agroecological conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The obtained mutant lines represent a valuable genetic resource for future breeding programs targeting yield improvement, drought tolerance and climate resilience.
Phaseolus vulgaris L., gamma irradiation, induced mutagenesis, morphological variation, mutation breeding, reproductive stability
QUALITY PROPERTIES OF CHOCOLATE-COVERED DRIED PLUMS
The demand for functional confectionery products is continuously increasing due to growing consumer awareness of their health benefits. The aim of this research was to evaluate the technological, nutritional and sensory properties of dried plums coated with dark, milk and white chocolate. Stanley variety plums, harvested at technological ripeness from the Berovo region, were analyzed as fresh fruit and then processed into dried plums and chocolate covered dried products. Standard laboratory methods were used to determine moisture content, total dry matter, total acids, total sugars, L-ascorbic acid, total ash and dietary fiber. Sensory evaluation was performed by assessing appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. Drying method significantly increased the concentration of nutritional ingredients and the shelf life of the product. Compared to fresh fruit, dried plums had higher total dry matter (73.40 %), sugars (43.35 %), total acids (1.33 %), vitamin C (20.29 mg/100 g), total ash (2.77 %) and dietary fiber (3.09 %). The average fruit mass was 28.27 g with a yield of 92.41 %. Sensory scores showed that all chocolate coated samples were well accepted, where the dark chocolate coated samples achieving the highest scores across most attributes, especially aroma, taste and texture. The results highlight that chocolate covered dried plums, particularly those coated in dark chocolate, offer a promising direction for developing nutritionally valuable, functional desert products. This combination meets consumer demands for food products that balance health benefits with sensory appeal.
chocolate, coating, dried, plums, quality.
THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF ICHTHYOFAUNA IN THE UPPER COURSE OF THE NERETVA RIVER
The Neretva River is one of the most important centers of freshwater fish endemism in Europe, supporting numerous autochthonous and endemic species adapted to cold, fast-flowing habitats. This study examines long-term changes in the ichthyofauna of the upper Neretva River by combining historical records with field data collected between 2011 and 2023, with particular emphasis on native and endemic populations and the impacts of non-native species. Historical data indicate that the upper Neretva was originally dominated by salmonid assemblages, while contemporary results show that headwater sections still retain near-natural, salmonid-dominated communities. In contrast, downstream transitional sections exhibit increasing contributions of allochthonous species and declining abundances of endemic taxa. The most pronounced changes were observed in hydroaccumulations, especially Jablanica Lake, where river impoundment caused a shift from lotic, salmonid-dominated assemblages to lentic communities dominated by non-native, eurythermal species.Overall, dam construction and flow regulation are identified as the main drivers of ichthyofaunal change, promoting biotic homogenization and increasing pressure on endemic species. Conservation efforts should prioritize the protection of remaining free-flowing river sections and the prevention of further species introductions.
ichthyofauna; river regulation; endemic species; non-native fishes.
CHANGES IN THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) CAUSED BY INTENSIVE STOCKING INTHE UPPER COURSE OF THE NERETVA RIVER
Brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) populations in Mediterranean river systems are characterized by high genetic structuring and local adaptation, making them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance. This study assessed changes in the genetic structure of brown trout populations in the upper course of the Neretva River (Adriatic basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina) in relation to long-term stocking practices. Wild riverine populations were sampled at four natural sites and analyzed using mitochondrial DNA control-region markers and a nuclear LDH-C1 locus, complemented by morphometric and meristic analyses. Molecular results revealed a high proportion of autochthonous Adriatic-lineage individuals (≈90%) at all sites, indicating that native genetic integrity is still largely preserved. However, the consistent presence of Adriatic–Atlantic hybrid genotypes (≈10%) across all localities provides clear evidence of introgression from non-native lineages, most likely resulting from historical, non-selective stocking. Morphometric traits showed extensive overlap between genetic groups and proved unreliable for discriminating native and non-native individuals in wild populations, reflecting strong phenotypic plasticity. In contrast, selected meristic traits, particularly the ratio of red to black lateral spots, demonstrated meaningful diagnostic potential when combined with genetic data. Overall, the findings highlight both the conservation value and the genetic vulnerability of brown trout populations in the upper Neretva River and emphasize the need for genetically informed management, including the cessation of stocking with non-native lineages and the implementation of long-term genetic monitoring.
brown trout; genetic introgression; stocking; Adriatic lineage.
MACEDONIAN AUTOCHTHONOUS VARIETIES: EMBROIDERED PEPPERS (Capsicum annuum L.)
In the Republic of Macedonia, pepper is one of the main ingredients in almost every dish, either fresh, dried, processed or as a condiment. The different agroclimatic conditions and soil types, as well as spontaneous crossing and selection led to creation of phenotypically different locally adapted landraces. Embroidered pepper is a unique type of Macedonian pepper with very specific fruit appearance, taste and use. It is clearly distinguished from other pepper types by the specific off-white striations on the fruit skin. Local landraces of embroidered pepper are characterized by an extraordinary diversity of fruit size, shape and distinct aromatic and taste features. This type of pepper has not been studied, elaborated and described in detail yet. The collection of embroidered pepper at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food in Skopje is consisted of many different samples that have to be completely characterized, evaluated and documented. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characterization, different landraces and their specific traits may be determined and included in the National List of Varieties under the designation autochthonous variety.
embroidered pepper, diversity, landraces.
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA ATROVIRIDE AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS AGAINST ERYSIPHE NECATOR UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Powdery mildew of grapevine, Erysiphe necator, is a very destructive grape disease, causing great economic production losses. That is why, regular fungicide applications are required. In recent years, due to the rise of the environmental awareness, alternative methods in controlling various plant diseases have slowly taken over the primacy from the classic chemical control. The aim of these experiments was to study the possibility for biological control of powdery mildew of grapevine with novel biofungicides Vintec (a.i. Trichoderma atroviride strain SC1) and Serenade Aso (a.i. Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). Experiments were conducted during 2023 in the regions of Demir Kapija and Negotino, on two grape varieties, Riesling and Vranec. In the untreated variant in Negotino region, very high level of disease severity (44.8%) on bunches was observed, which demonstrated the destructive potential of this disease in our country. In Demir Kapija region, significantly lower level of disease severity was observed in the untreated variant (7.6%). In conditions of very high levels of disease severity, both of the tested biofungicides showed comparable and good fungicide effectiveness, above 90% (Serenade Aso – 94.64 % and Vintec – 97.03 %). In the region of Demir Kapija, where the level of disease severity was lower, both biofungicides reached absolute efficacy performance of 100%.
biological control, powdery mildew of grapevine, Serenade Aso, Vintec
CONTROL EFFICACY OF A NOVEL SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDE, PENTHIOPYRAD, AGAINST BOTRYTIS CINEREA
The goal of this experiment was to study the efficiency of the novel active ingredient penthiopyrad (Fontelis SC) in controlling of gray mold disease in tomato (Botrytis cinerea), a very destructive disease in our country. As a standard, the well-known active ingredient fenhexamid (Teldor) was used. The experiment was conducted during 2019 in two production regions of tomato in North Macedonia, Bogdanci and Dojran. In the untreated variant in the region of Dojran, a very high level of disease severity (73.2% in the old leaves, 84.8% on the stem) was observed, leading to destructive damages in the tomato production. In the region of Bogdanci, significantly lower level of disease severity was observed in the untreated variant (14% on the leaves, 9.2% on the stem). The tested novel fungicide Fontelis SC demonstrated high level of efficacy. In the region of Dojran, the fungicide Fontelis SC provided efficacy degree of 81.9 to 100%, showing significantly better results than the standard Teldor (29.5-86.6%). In the region of Bogdanci, the new fungicide Fontelis SC proved again to be more effective than the standard Teldor. Fontelis SC demonstrated maximum efficacy of 100% on all plant parts, while for the standard Teldor efficacy performance ranged from 86.9% to 88.5%. These results emphasize the need in expanding the range of novel fungicides, in order to provide better results in gray mold disease management.
Botrytis cinerea, fenhexamid, fungicide resistance, penthiopyrad
ENHANCING ACCESS TO FINANCE OF SME’S: ROLE OF THE GOVERNEMNT
There is wide accepted evidence that the SME sector is one of the most important drivers of the economy in each country. The SMEs possibility to develop and to create new jobs becomes a crucial prerequisite for economic growth and development. In addition, many studies and research have concluded that access to finance remains to be a major concern and main obstacle for SMEs growth and development in countries like RN Macedonia. This situation has been deteriorated in past few years by the global economic and energy crises. Therefore, many governments have acknowledged the importance of implementing various policies and programs aimed to support SMEs and their development. Yet, evaluation and impact assessment of implemented government programs in general is lacking and the effectiveness of such credit schemes has not been demonstrated. The paper will examine the efficiency of subsidized credit lines implemented by Development Bank of North Macedonia with a main goal to promote bank lending to SMEs. It will attempt to assess the cost of the Government and the impact on the “supply side” in providing financing for SME sector. The method used for the research is a questionnaire based survey, composed of multiple choice questions and on-site interviews with bank’s officials.
access to finance, SMEs, government intervention.
DETERMINATION OF MINERALS IN SPRING WATER IN SOUTHWESTERN AND PELAGONIA REGION OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Spring water quality can vary widely with geography, geology, and proximity of pollution sources. In the rural area, the population more often consumes spring water then in urban area. Because of that, there is a need to make a regular assessment of the water quality and prevent its consumption in the case of presence of mineral and organic species in concentrations that are higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this work spring water from 5 springs in southwestern and Pelagonia region was analyzed for mineral content (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The obtained results point out that the concentration of manganese in each sample is higher than the maximum acceptable concentration for manganese in drinking water (0.05 mg/L). Especially in the sample 5, where the concentration of manganese is 1.73 mg/L. In this water sample, also the concentration of potassium (80.22 mg/L) is very high compared with the other samples. The concentration of iron is in the range of acceptable values, except for the sample 5 where its concentration is 6.41 mg/L which compared with the maximum acceptable concentration for iron (0.2 mg/L) is very high. The pH value for all samples was in the allowed range.
atomic absorption spectrometry, mineral content, spring water, water
COMPARISON OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN CLONES AND TRADITIONAL VARIETY OF CARDINAL TABLE GRAPE
The aim of the research was to determine the technological potential of the clones of the Cardinal variety. The trial included clones VCR 26 and clone 80 of the Cardinal variety which were compared with the standard traditional variants. The experiment was set up in the Tikvesh vineyard - locality Kavadarci on production plantations of the company GD Tikvesh – Kavadarci in Republic of North Macedonia. The experimental plot were established in 2002 on SO4 rootstock by applying a simple double guyot pruning. Regular agro-technical measures applied during the vegetation. The research focused on perceiving the results of: identification of clones, technological characteristics such as sugar, acid content and organoleptic assessment of grape. By applying the ampelographic key and the CODE system of OIV, the connection of the clones with the standard of the variety was ascertained: The clones VCR 26, were characterized by the largest amount of packaged grapes. The quality expressed through organoleptic assessment, which the best quality were seen in clone VCR 26 of variety Cardinal. Based on the obtained results, as the most favourable clone for cultivation in conditions of Kavadarci vineyard, were seen clone VCR 26, compared to clone 80 and traditional Cardinal variety.
variety, clone, technological characteristics, organoleptic assessment.
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN TRADITIONAL CHEESES FROM NORTH MACEDONIA: INSIGHTS FROM EXISTING STUDIES
Study examines the diversity and role of microorganisms in cheeses based on existing studies, with a particular focus on traditional Macedonian cheeses. Kashkaval, white brined cheese and beaten cheese are the most common cheeses produced by small farms and farmhouses in North Macedonia. These cheeses are distinguished by their unique production methods, which result in different physical, chemical, and microbiological profiles. A variety of microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds, play an important role in the ripening process, affecting the process of proteolysis, texture, and volatile compounds. In particular, Lactobacillus species such as Lb. plantarum and Lb. acidophilus are prevalent at different stages of cheese ripening. The cheeses are traditionally made from raw milk without commercial starter cultures, relying on indigenous lactic acid bacteria. Despite challenges related to milk quality and safety, local food initiatives remain crucial for the sustainability of the dairy subsector in North Macedonia. The study recommends strengthening cooperation among stakeholders, promoting traditional products, establishing support mechanisms, and implementing educational programs to improve milk quality and safety. Further research is needed to ensure microbial diversity preservation in traditional cheeses that should investigate artisanal cheeses in North Macedonia using genomic and metabolomic methods to gain insights into their microbiological and chemical properties. Collaborative efforts are essential to support local dairy producers and implement strategies to improve the dairy sector in North Macedonia. This will contribute to the protection of traditional cheeses and their microbial biodiversity.
Microbial diversity, Lactic acid bacteria, Traditional cheeses, Dairy sector.
DETERMINATION OF As, Cd, Pb, Cu AND Zn IN MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND FISH
Meat, meat products and fish are significantly represented in a person's full-day meal and are an important source of proteins, essential amino acids, fats and mineral salts, enzymes, vitamins, etc. This paper shows the results of the examination of toxic elements with atomic absorption spectrometry: the essential elements Cu and Zn, as well as the toxic elements As, Cd and Pb in food products from the group of meat, meat products, and fish, that are part of a balanced full-day meal. A total of 36 samples were examined: three samples each of three types of fresh meat: beef, pork, and chicken, two semi-permanent sausages and a cooked sausage, canned meat cuts, two concentrates of chicken and beef soup from three producers from the Macedonian region and two types of frozen fish: hake and trout, and samples of canned sardine from the wider region. All results were compared by comparative analysis with results from the literature. In all the examined food productss, the content of arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc is below the maximum allowable and therefore they are considered safe for consumption.
arsenic, AAS, cadmium, copper, fish, lead, meat, zinc.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GROWTH AND FRUIT BEARING TRAITS OF ‘OBLAČINSKA’ SOUR CHERRY CLONES
During the three-year period of investigation, the trunk circumference, yield per tree, and yield efficiency in 13 ‘Oblačinska’ sour cherry clones were studied. Significant differences among the studied clones and years of testing were determined for all investigated traits, while interaction clone × year showed no significant differences. The lowest trunk circumference and yield per tree were found in the clone 13 (23.2 cm; 7.6 kg), and yield efficiency in clone 3 (0.09 kg/cm2). Clone 3 had the highest trunk circumference (53.9 cm), clone 6 had the highest yield per tree (23.3 kg), and clone 10 had the highest yield efficiency (0.18 kg/cm2). The lowest coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation were determined for the yield efficiency (16.69%; 20.46%), and the highest for the yield per tree (33.28%; 34.89%). The coefficient of heritability ranged from 66.20% for the yield efficiency up to 98.37% for the trunk circumference.
clonal selection, heritability, Prunus cerasus, vigour, yield.
DETERMINATION OF Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu IN VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND HERBS
In order to control the hygienic and health conformity of vegetable food products from the consumer basket for the preparation of a full-day military meal, among other analyses, the maximum allowable quantities of the elements Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu are monitored. With the AAS technique, three samples each of twenty fresh vegetables, vegetable products and herbs were analyzed and the quantity of the elements of interest was examined. The results of the examination of three samples of: fresh beans, carrots, potatoes, onions, cabbage, spinach; canned vegetables: peas, green beans, peppers (glass and tin packaging), beets (glass and tin packaging), cucumbers (glass and tin packaging), tomato paste, mushrooms; herbs: ground paprika, black pepper, parsley and mixed seasoning are presented. The samples are from different producers from the Macedonian area. Using the method of comparative analysis, it was concluded that the obtained results are in accordance with the norms of the rulebook and those of the literature.
AAS, essential elements, food products, toxic elements, vegetables
BACILLUS SPP. – A POTENT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW OF GRAPEVINE
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew of grapevine, is one of the most devastating and economically most important grapevine pathogens worldwide. In the Republic of North Macedonia, control of downy mildew in grapevine is mainly achieved by application of synthetic fungicides. However, the long-term and continuous use of synthetic fungicides leads to appearance of resistant strains of the pathogen, residues and environmental pollution. Alternatives to chemical control such as the use of biological control agents or resistant cultivars, currently play a small role in controlling this disease. A promising alternative strategy that could replace or be combined with fungicides are biofungicides. The main goal of the experiment was to observe the possibility for biological control of grape downy mildew by the use of two novel biofungicides, Sonata (a.m. Bacillus pumilus QST 2808) and Serenade Aso (a.m. Bacillus subtilis QST 713). Experiment was conducted during the 2019 in two vineyard regions in the Republic of North Macedonia (Demir Kapija and Negotino), on three grape varieties (Merlot, Riesling and Vranec). Both tested biofungicides showed almost equal efficacy, with more than 94% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Vranec and Riesling varieties and with more than 97% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Merlot variety. On bunches, both biofungicides achieved 100% reduction of disease incidence and severity index in all three varieties. The results showed that Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis are potent biological agents and have a prospective use for control of downy mildew in grapevine.
Bacillus spp., control, downy mildew, grapevine.
PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF LOCAL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) VARIETIES INTENDED FOR DEHYDRATION
Peppers are one of the most divergent group of vegetables globally. In part of the Balkan region, but mostly in Macedonia there are distinct local varieties, intended for drying as a whole fruit on strings and are used in traditional dishes, processed foods and as condiments. A collection of 21 local pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties intended for drying in traditional manner, was evaluated for 26 plant traits. The Principal Component Analysis yielded 5 principal components with eigenvalue > 1, explaining 81.48 % of the variability. The first two principal components were highly corelated with 8 plant traits (FL – fruit length, FWg – fruit weight (g), PL – pedicel length (cm), PT – pericarp thickness (mm), PW – plant width (cm), LL – leaf length (cm), DFL-days to flowering, DFR – days to fruiting). The cluster analysis, based on those traits was performed and resulted in grouping the accession into three clusters. The first included accessions with highest values for the analysed traits, while the third cluster included accessions with lowest values for days to fruiting and maturity. The initial characterization of the investigated pepper germplasm, based on qualitative and quantitative plant traits, revealed high variability among the accessions.
Capsicum, local varieties, diversity, principal component analysis, cluster analysis.
SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) CROP
This study investigates the potential of integrating sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate climate change impacts on the cultivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the arid regions. Climate-induced challenges such as desertification have further aggravated the issue of pepper cultivation. The experiment was executed in Kochani region in 2021, employing a randomized block design with five different fertilizer treatments including a notable biofertilizer, Trichoderma harzianum. The agronomic parameters such as fruit length, diameter, mass, pericarp thickness, and yield have been analysed. The mixed fertilization treatment (MIX) illustrated a significant enhancement in fruit dimensions and yield, whereas the Trichoderma treatment (TRICH) exhibited a notable reduction in non-marketable fruits. The findings validate that the incorporation of Trichoderma with organic and mineral fertilizers not only bolsters plant growth and yield, but also strengthens climate resilience in pepper cultivation. This increases the understanding of biofertilizer utilization in sustainable agriculture, especially in regions struggling with climate adversities. Furthermore, the study underpins the necessity for advanced knowledge in leveraging live organisms like Trichoderma for increasing agricultural productivity and climate resilience in arid regions.
Trichoderma, pepper fruit traits, marketable yield
THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY XANTHOMONAS ARBORICOLA PV. PRUNI IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease of stone fruit, cause disease of stone fruits and almond worldwide. Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) is regulated as quarantine pathogen in the European Union and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO, A2 list). The bacterium can be latent and can be transmitted by plant material, and visual inspections are used for monitoring plants in orchards and nurseries. Monitoring was continuously conducted in period 2021-2023 in commercial orchards and registered nurseries on the territory of the Republic of Srpska. Leaves, twigs and branches of hosts (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherry and sour cherry) were inspected and samples were taken for laboratory analysis. Detection and identification were done according to EPPO diagnostic protocols PM 7/64(1) and PM 7/100 (1), with slight modifications. As a reference material it was used freeze dried bacteria CFBP 2535 (producer CIRM, France). Out of 321 analyzed samples, 21 samples (plum, cherry, peach and apricot) confirmed as positive. Further studies on Xanthomonas arboricola pvs. are planned to be conducted in the following period.
quarantine bacterium, stone fruits, orchards, nurseries.
PLUM POX VIRUS PRESENCE IN AUTOCHTHONOUS STONE FRUIT COLLECTION
Plum pox virus (PPV), also called Sharka belongs to Potyvirus genus, is the most devastating viral disease of stone fruit worldwide. Long distance spread is the result of moving infected nursery stock or propagative material, so grafts and budwood are also ways of moving infected material. Short distance spread is through aphid carriers. During 2024, a survey was performed to detect the presence of Plum pox virus (PPV) in stone fruits collection orchards in Aleksandrovac and at the site of Botanical Garden of the University of Banjaluka. In June, leaves plant tissues were collected and analyzed serologically by DAS-ELISA method with commercial antisera according to recommended protocol (Bioreba, Switzerland). A total of 38 accessions were analyzed where every sample include at least 2 trees. Plum, cherry, sour cherry, apricot and peach samples were collected, but all positive samples were from different accessions of plum trees. In total, 16 (42%) of symptom and symptomless plum accessions resulted as positive. The aim of this study was to observe the presence of Plum pox virus for further propagation and recovery procedures of autochthonous accessions of different stone fruits that exist in the collection of the Institute of Genetic Resources.
CONTROL OF GREY MOLD DISEASE ON TOMATO WITH NOVEL BIOFUNGICIDES
Grey mold disease on tomato (Botrytis cinerea) is widespread economically important disease all over the world with a very wide host range. This disease used to be controlled with regular fungicide applications, but in recent years, more ecological friendly methods are developed. One of them is development and use of new biofungicides, based on various beneficial organisms. The main goal of the experiments was to study the possibility for biological control of grey mold disease in tomato with the use of the innovative biofungicides Vintec (a.i. Trichoderma atroviride strain SC1) and Serenade Aso (a.i. Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). Experiments were conducted during 2019 in the region of Bogdanci and the region of Dojran, on tomato hybrids grown in greenhouses. In the untreated variant in Dojran region, the disease severity index on leaves reached very high destructive level of 41.33%, while the disease incidence on the fruits was even higher (46.66%), and in Bogdanci region, a destructive level of 36% dead tomato plants caused by stem rotting was observed. In this disease conditions, both of the tested biofungicides in the region of Dojran showed similar results, with reduction of the disease incidence in fruits higher than 90% (92.86% for Vintec and 90.01% for Serenade Aso). In the region of Bogdanci, the biofungicide Serenade Aso provided significantly lower degree of incidence reduction of stem rotting (81.66%), compared with the biofungicide Vintec, which provided a full protection of 100%, difference which may be related to some beneficial organisms’ preferences that should be investigated in the future.
grey mold disease in tomato, biofungicides, Vintec, Serenade Aso.
DETECTED MICROBIOLOGICAL ISOLATES IN MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS WHEN TAKING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS BY FOOD OPERATORS AND OFFICIAL VETERINARIANS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA FOR THE PERIOD FROM 2016 TO 2020
Meat and meat processing industry make great efforts on a daily basis to improve technological processes and hygienic conditions. Competent institutions take appropriate measures to prevent placing of unsafe product on the market. However, we witness a daily global increase in the number of people suffering from foodborne diseases. For the period 2016-2020, the Food and Veterinary Agency of the Republic of North Macedonia received a total of 686 reports from laboratories about the detected presence of an isolate (positive finding) from samples taken by official veterinarians, food operators, and consumers. Isolates (positive findings) in meat and meat products were detected in 288 or 41.98% of the total analyzed samples. Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are the most frequent potential pathogens. For the five-year analyzed period, the presence of an isolate of Salmonella spp. was determined in 164 samples of meat and meat products. The bacterium Essherichia coli is the second most frequently detected bacterium in meat and meat product samples, after Salmonella spp., with a total of 48 samples with a positive finding for the analyzed period. The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 39 samples of meat and meat products. An isolate of Campylobacter spp. was determined in a total of 28 samples of meat and meat products. By the Food and Veterinary Agency according to the annual food safety monitoring program were aimed at preventing the development of foodborne diseases.
meat, meat products, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Ecsherichia coli.