Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, JAFES

AGRONOMIC AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF OILSEED RAPE FROM COMBINATIONS OF SEVERAL NUTRIENTS

2024-06-18T16:06:04+02:00

The increase in yield per unit area in kg and the attained outcome from the usage of certain amounts of nutrients are measured by agronomic efficiency (AE). In terms of the sensible use of nutrients, the capacity and to determine technical efficiency is a contribution to this research. The findings are intended to aid in determining the efficacy of using the most essential nutrients (N, P₂O₅, K₂O, S and B) to determine their impact on productivity capacity. The purpose was to evaluate how varied levels of nitrogen, sulfur, and boron affected on potential of winter oilseed rape. For N was using quantities of 100 and 150 kg ha^-1, for S 30 and 70 kg ha^{- 1}; and B 1 and 2 kg B ha-1. N (50 kg ha^-1) P and K (90 and 180 kg ha^-1) was also applied before sowing. The research was performed in vegetation years 2016 - 2018, with two genotypes: variety and hybrid, in 15 variants and 4 replications: 1: control 50 N kg ha^{- 1}; 2: 100 N kg ha^{- 1}; 3: 150 N kg ha^{- 1}; 4: 130 N+S kg ha^{- 1}; 5: 170 N+S kg ha^{- 1}; 6: 180 N+S kg ha^{- 1}; 7: 220 N+S kg ha^{- 1}; 8: 131 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 9: 132 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 10: 171 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 11: 172 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 12: 181 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 13: 182 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}; 14: 221 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1} и 15: 222 N+S+B kg ha^{- 1}. The average agronomic efficiency of all variants was 4.66 kg for the variety and 2.99 kg for the hybrid. Technical efficiency showed constant efficiency in three variants, and increase tendency to other.

SIMULATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATOES USING THE AQUACROP MODEL

2024-06-18T16:06:05+02:00

Water for irrigation will undoubtedly be reduced as a result of climate change, disrupted rainfall patterns, and water scarcity, putting crop production in jeopardy. As a result, in order to maintain high agricultural production and meet food demand, new technology must be developed, and the feasibility of cultivating essential vegetable crops without irrigation must be investigated. The goal of this research is to estimate tomato water consumption, growth, and yield using the Aquacrop model. The experiment was put up on carbonate chernozem soil near Stara Pazova (40 kilometers north of Belgrade). There were two treatments: soil treated with organic fertilizer Fertigkompost (OF) and soil treated with no organic fertilizer (K). Both treatments were fed by rain. The obtained results show that the AquaCrop model accurately predicts tomato yields with variations of 7.1 percent and 11.8 percent, respectively, when compared to observed yields on OF and K treatments. For the OF and K treatments, statistical indices of correlation coefficients (r) of 0.97 and 0.95, respectively, root mean square error (RMSE) of 10.1 percent, 9.0 percent, and Willmott index of agreement (d) of 0.98, 0.97, confirm excellent assessment of tomato growth. Water consumption is likewise fairly predicted by the model, with r= 0.72 and 0.63, RMSE = 38.1 and 32.5 mm, and d= 0.83 and 0.76 for the OF and K treatments, respectively. With high confidence, the model may be used to estimate tomato production in a variety of growth circumstances.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAPES AND WINE OF SMEDEREVKA VARIETY

2024-06-18T16:06:05+02:00

Examination of Smederevka cv was performed in area of Belgrade region. Analysis of grapes and wine was performed in laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture and Chemistry University of Belgrade. The aim of research was qualitative and quantitative determination of aromatic compounds in grapes and wine. Aromatic compounds in grapes and wine were detected by SPME GC/MS method. Presence of main herbaceous aromatic grape compounds as aldehydes, primarily n-hexanals and (E)-2-hexenals was detected. Terpenes (linalool, geraniol, α-terpineol), higher alcohols (isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, etc.), and ketones were also detected. In wine was determined presence of: esters, higher alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes, acids and ketones. Most of detected compounds belong to esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl 9-octanoate, 2-methylbutyl octanoate, ethyl palmitate, etc.) which form fruit aromas (apple, banana, pear, almond, pineapple).

SOIL QUALITY MONITORING FOR HYDROSEEDING NEEDS ON THE SECTION OF THE E-75 HIGHWAY, CORRIDOR 10

2024-06-18T16:06:05+02:00

The paper presents the results of testing the chemical and physical soil properties for the hydroseeding needs on the section of the E-75 highway, Corridor 10, Gornje polje-Caričina dolina. The tests were performed in the laboratory of the Department of Agricultural and Food Studies in Prokuplje, on 12 average soil samples in 2020 and on 13 average soil samples in 2021. There were analyzed the chemical properties: pH values in H₂O and in 1M KCl, humus by Kotzmann method, total nitrogen calculated from humus, readily available potassium and phosphorus by AL method, and CaCO₃ content was determined volumetric, by Schäibler calcimeter. Physical properties were analyzed: water content in the form of mass fraction in soil (SRPS ISO 11465:2002) and mechanical composition of soil by pipette method with preparation of samples with sodium pyrophosphate and classification of texture classes according to ISSS, Baize (1993). The obtained results show that the examined soils are weakly acidic to moderately alkaline reaction in H₂O and moderately acidic to alkaline reaction in 1M KCl, very low content of humus and total nitrogen and weakly carbonate on all analyzed samples. The soils are low to medium supplied with easily accessible potassium and very low provided with easily accessible phosphorus. The water content in the form of mass fraction in the soil is used to translate the results of air-dry samples into the result expressed on the mass of dry soil. Heavy clay to sandy loam dominates by texture classes in the analyzed soils.

IMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT VEGETATION SPACES ON THE YIELD COMPONENTS OF SEEDLESS WATERMELON

2024-06-18T16:06:05+02:00

Recently seedless watermelon production is becoming popular, especially for export, and has significant potential for larger area production. Although the production practices for growing seedless watermelons are similar to those for the production of seeded watermelons, they still differ in certain views, which should be put into focus. The aim of this research is to determine the best vegetation space for the plants (the use of different row and inter-row distances) on the components of yield. For this purpose, an experiment was set up using seedlings from the seedless hybrid Sinrubita F1. The experiment was set up in the Skopje region with a randomized block design, with three variants in four replications. The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1 (control) (3x1.65 m, 2000 plants ha^-1); Treatment 2 (3x1.30 m, 2500 plants ha^-1) and Treatment 3 (3x0.96 m, 3500 plants ha^-1). Several parameters were analyzed: the average number of fruits per plant, the weight of fruit (kg), the diameter of the fruit (cm), the fruit length (cm), the fruit index, and the total yield (t/ha). The biggest fruit (6.97 kg), fruit diameter (21.77 cm), and fruit length (24.29 cm) were determined in the control treatment while the highest fruit number (4.38) and yield (65.05 t ha^-1) were obtained in the treatment 2. The fruits of the three treatments had a slightly elliptical shape.

VARIATIONS IN THE ALFALFA FORAGE YIELD PER CUTS IN THE FIRST VEGETATION YEAR

2024-06-18T16:06:06+02:00

Understanding the effects of seeding rate and row spacing on fresh and dry matter yield may help obtain optimal and cost-effective alfalfa production (Medicago sativa L.). The objective of this study was to determine the optimal seeding rate and row spacing when sowing different alfalfa genotypes. A field experiment was set up in the fall of 2020 in Zlokukjani of Skopje settlement, North Macedonia, according to a split-split plot design in a randomized complete block in three replications. The treatments in the experiment include two seeding rates (8 and 16 kg ha^-1), two row spaces (20 and 40 cm), and four alfalfa cultivars. The obtained results show a significant influence of the sowing method (row spacing) on the two examined traits (fresh and dry forage yield) compared to the seeding rate, which did not show significant differences in yield. The highest yield of fresh (26 t ha^-1) and dry (7.04 t ha^-1) forage is achieved in the first cut at a sowing distance of 20 cm. Our one-year research recommends that when applying appropriate agro-technical methods in crop establishment and temperate climatic conditions, there is no justification for applying high sowing norms (over 16 kg ha^-1). The selection of an appropriate commercial cultivar and row spacing are inevitable items within an agronomic production technology to obtain optimal alfalfa forage production.

DETERMINATION OF SOME PARAMETERS IN WINE PRODUCED FROM CLONE AND POPULATION OF VRANEC VARIETY VINES

2024-06-18T16:06:06+02:00

Vranec variety is the most planted red grape variety in our country for production of high quality wine. This investigation was carried out on two vineyards, one with clone material and the other with population indigenes for old Macedonian vineyards. Both were located in Gevgelija-Valandovo region with sub-mediterranean clime conditions. The scope of this investigation is to determine some chemical parameters that influence on the quality of wine, as alcohol strength, specific gravity, total extract, total acids, volatile acids, pH, free and total SO₂. Also, the content of total phenols, total anthocyanins, hue, intensity and percent of red, yellow and blue color were analyzed. Five wine experts were involved for the sensory descriptive evaluation of the investigated wines and the results were presented on spider chart.

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL POVERTY IN NORTH MACEDONIA

2024-06-18T16:06:06+02:00

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the various aspects that address and shape poverty in rural areas in the Republic of North Macedonia. Applying the "Multidimensional Tool for Poverty Analysis” approach supports understanding multiple deprivations and how different power relations, structures, conditions, and issues coincide to keep people in poverty. The model identifies four interrelated dimensions of poverty representing the internal factors such as resources, opportunities and choice, power and voice, and human security. In addition, external factors were analyzed representing the development context such as political and institutional, economic and social, environmental, and conflict and peaceful contexts. Primary and secondary data sources are used for the analysis. Field research (survey) is a new approach that complements and upgrades data from secondary sources that have so far been the basis of analyzes of this kind. The survey covered 103 households that predominantly live in rural areas, or around 76% of the total sample, while the remaining part of the sample is a control group, and those are households living in urban areas. The data triangulation aims to give a clearer picture of the problems and challenges posed by poverty in rural and urban areas and identifies the discrepancies in the living conditions between the rural and urban areas, as well as the most vulnerable groups living on the edge of poverty, etc., which should be supported by the future policies with targeted measures.

EFFECT OF WATER EXTRACT OF ALOE VERA ON GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF DIANTHUS BARBATUS

2024-06-18T16:06:07+02:00

The Sweet William - Dianthus barbatus (L.) is a plant from Caryophyllaceae family. The germination and growth of the plant are important phenological stages, and plant survival depends on them. The seed that has better germination energy also has better vigor, so it is more resistant to stressful conditions during germination. The aim of this study was to examine the possibilities and effectiveness of water extracts of plant species Aloe vera on the seed germination and early growth of Sweet William seedlings - Dianthus barbatus (L.). The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka and consisted of control (distilled water) and treatment with water extract of Aloe vera. Water extracts were prepared from fresh leaves and experiments were conducted in Petri dishes at 5, 10, and 15%. The temperature in the laboratory was constant at 20°C and the light regime was set to 16h day/8h night. Water extracts of Aloe vera at a concentration of 5% had a positive effect on the seed germination and germination energy, while a concentration of 15% had a positive effect on shoot and root length, and fresh mass of Dianthus barbatus seedlings.

CONTROL ANALYSIS OF ENERGY VALUES AND MYCOLOGICAL QUALITY OF HOME MADE – AJVAR

2024-06-18T16:06:07+02:00

High nutritional and biological values, as well as excellent sensory properties make peppers (lat. name) indispensable in the daily diet. The home-made spread Ajvar [1], as a national specialty, is prepared from thermally processed, chopped or ground peppers, with or without additives. Traditional preparation of ajvar implies heat treatments, which inflence the nutritional values. The aim of this scientific work is to examine the energy values of the home-made Ajvar. The energy value of Ajvar is calculated on the basis of the content of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, in accordance with the Regulations concerning the quality of fruit and vegetables, Official Bulletin of RS, no 128/2020, 130/2021. The results of these studies indicated that the home-made Ajvar is a good source of energy, fats and carbohydrates. In order to examine the frequency of yeasts and molds, microbiological methods were implied in accordance with SRPS EN ISO 21527-2: 2011 standard. The results showed a complete absence of yeast and mold.

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME AUTOCHTHONOUS AND REGIONAL GRAPEVINE VARIETIES ACCORDING TO O.I.V. DESCRIPTORS FOR CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS

2024-06-18T16:06:07+02:00

Our studies included some autochthonous and regional grape varieties grown in the Republic of North Macedonia. The autochthonous varieties were examined - White winter, Konchanka, Stanushina, Ohrid black and Ohrid white, and the regional varieties - Vranec, Prokupec, Smederevka, Zilavka and Zupljanka were examined. The tests were divided into three methodological units. The first method was applied to all varieties - data collection, history and comparison with other tests. The second method was performed on all varieties - ampelographic identification because we had samples from all varieties. In some of the varieties, the third method was performed, that is, genetic (DNA) identification was made in the period from 2010 to 2020 in different examination centers and at different times. The results are compared with the results of a study by Professor M. Aradhya of the USDA Research Center, Davis CA, USA. He has performed a wide range of genetic identification on a number of autochthonous varieties in Europe and Asia, including varieties in the Balkans. With the second method of examination - ampelographic identification according to O.I.V. descriptors we got the most realistic results. An ampelographic description of certain characteristics of the individual organs of the vine was performed and it was concluded that the varieties according to their anatomical and physiological characteristics belong to 2 groups: ecological-geographical group Black Sea varieties, subgroup Balcanica and ecological-geographical group Eastern varieties, subgroup Antasiatica.